电信网络诈骗案件紧急止付的规范基础——兼论《反电信网络诈骗法》第20条

Normative Basis of the Emergency Suspension of Payment in Telecom Network Fraud Cases:Also on Article20 of Anti-Telecom and Online Fraud Law

止付是银行等支付机构基于法律或合同上的原因而不履行支付义务的行为。以协助义务为原理的止付是支付机构协助公权机关进行涉案财产控制的具体方式,该协助行为隐含着公权机关对涉案财产的控制意思。电信网络诈骗案件紧急止付措施的本质是冻结类对物强制措施,其基本规范要素应在狭义法律中设定,包括本体规范和外部规范:本体规范应包含适用前提和权限范围,《反电信网络诈骗法》第20条授权条款的有效性值得商榷;外部规范体现为紧急止付与冻结的衔接规则,现行直接转化方式会导致两者各自效力不当扩张,应将紧急止付定位于一种应对新型犯罪涉案资金快速转移的迅速反应措施,而非作为冻结在刑事立案前的替代方案,两者是不同的冻结类措施,不能直接转化。

The suspension of payment is the behavior that banks and other payment institutions refuse to perform their payment obligations for legal or contractual reasons. The suspension of payment based on the doctrine of legal assistance obligation is a specific way for payment institutions to assist public authorities in controlling the property involved, the reason of which is the public authority’s intention to control the property involved.Accordingly, the emergency suspension of payment in telecom network fraud cases is a type of freezing coercive measure. The basic institutional elements of such measure should be set in the law. The internal rules include the premise of application and the scope of authority. The legitimacy of the authorization in Article 20of Anti-Telecom and Online Fraud Law might be arguable. The external rules are the stipulation on the connection between emergency suspension of payment and freezing. The existing mode of direct transformation would lead to the improper expansion of the efficacy of either measure. The suspension of payment should be regarded as a rapid response measure to deal with the rapid transfer of funds involved in new type crimes,rather than a substitute for the freezing before a criminal case is filed. The emergency suspension of payment shall not be transformed into the freezing directly.