从本体论向修辞学的突破--论伽达默尔诠释学的语言学转向

A Breakthrough from Ontology to Rhetoric——On the Linguistic Turn of Gadamer’s Hermeneutics

伽达默尔的诠释学将当代哲学中的“语言学转向”作为自己的重要主题,但他的思路是首先确定语言本身的本体论意义,在此基础上再去规定语言本身的功能和作用,这就仍然局限于传统形而上学“真理与方法”的套路。语言本身尽管被他置于“对话”的历史语境中,最终却免不了成为依赖于存在论(本体论或“是论”)的一种普遍“陈述”的方法,语言被压缩在某种(哪怕是扩展了的)认识论视域里,而将其中的非逻辑功能(命令和感叹、诗化功能)都化解为对“真理”的各种陈述了,这就堵塞了语言学转向通往某种“语言学之后”的形而上学之路。但伽达默尔毕竟意识到语言的逻辑功能与非逻辑功能有必要统一起来,为此他诉之于修辞学和隐喻在诠释学中的枢纽作用,这就打开了一扇窥视语言学之后的窗户。但可惜这种作用在他看来只能是辩护性和普及性的,而未看到隐喻和修辞是语言最内在的本质结构,即“自否定”结构。他由此而错失了突破传统形而上学存在论的良机。真正的突破恐怕只有同时考虑到中国传统形而上学的非存在论的隐喻模式才有希望完成。

Language is compressed in a certain(even expanded)epistemological perspective,and its non-logical functions(command and exclamation,poetic functions)are dissolved into various statements of“truth”,This has blocked the way of linguistics turning to metaphysics which leads to some kind of“metalinguistik”.However,Gadamer realized that it was necessary to unify the logical and non logical functions of language.Therefore,he complained about the pivotal role of rhetoric and metaphor in hermeneutics,which opened a window to peep into linguistics.However,it is a pity that in his view,this function can only be defensive and universal,and he does not see that metaphor and rhetoric are the most intrinsic structure of language,that is,the“self negation”structure.Therefore,he missed a good opportunity to break through the traditional metaphysical ontology.The real breakthrough can only be achieved by taking into account the non existential metaphorical model of Chinese traditional metaphysics.