Trade-off evaluation using carbon dioxide equivalent and hazard index of a paddy soil with application of organic liquid fertilizer

Dear Editor,Rice is an important staple food crop in Asia,but the anaerobic soil conditions in rice fields cause emission of the potent greenhouse gas,methane(CH)(Le Mer and Roger,2001),and promote the accumulation of arsenic(As)in the grain(Le Mer and Roger,2001;Khanam et al.,2020).To facilitate sustainable agriculture,using wastewater as an organic fertilizer is essential for reducing wastewater treatment-associated energy consumption and the recycling of wastewater nutrients(Zou et al.,2009).