“朱门白屋,转眼变迁”:晚明士大夫的成长及家族发展--以万历二年进士支大纶及其家族为中心

The Growth and Family Development of Scholar Officials in the Late Ming Dynasty--A Case Study on Jinshi Zhi Dalun and His Family in the Second Year of Wanli

晚明士大夫的社会成长与家族的发展、转型须臾不可脱离,但从县域社会层面来看,士大夫的在官在野、乡居城居,不仅建构了士大夫的人生轮廓,也形塑了其主导的家族生活风貌。其中,万历二年考中进士的支大纶,出身嘉兴地区的世家大族,但其自称支家产不过中人、官不登上士,长期抱持耕读传家的理念,严格约束家族生活,重视道德教化,一生行迹多以乡居为主,仕途短暂且屡遭挫折。从嘉靖至万历朝,支大纶的人生追求及其家族发展,都与国家治理、地方行政保持着相当程度的关联,从中可以映现出支大纶这样的士大夫或乡绅在国家统治地方层面的角色扮演等内容。更重要的是,家族生活中谱系的确认,以及族内强力人物的统合,会影响家族的在地表现,关涉宗族形态与地域社会之特质。

In the late Ming Dynasty,the social growth of the scholar bureaucrats was inseparable from the development and transformation of the family.However,from the perspective of the county society,the fact that scholar bureaucrats lived in the countryside and in the city not only outlined the life of the scholar bureaucrats,but also shaped their dominant family life style.Among them,Zhi Dalun,who was born into a noble family in Jiaxing Prefecture and became a successful candidatein the imperial examination in the second year of Wanli.However,he claimed that he came from moderatly prosperous family,and his official position was no more than a staff sergeant.He had long cherished the heirloom idea of farm-cultivation and book-learning.He was strictly restricted the life of his family and attached importance to moral education.His life was mostly rural with his official career short and beset with setbacks.From Jiajing to Wanli Dynasty,Zhi Dalun’s pursuit and his family’s development were closely related to national governance and local administration to a large extent,which can reflect the role scholar bureaucrats or squires like Zhi Dalun played at the level of national governance.More importantly,the confirmation of lineage in family life,as well as the integration of powerful figures within the family would affect the local performance of the family,pointing to the characteristics of clan form and regional society.