国外政府附属型智库管理体制机制比较研究——基于德国、美国两个案例的分析

A Comparative Study on the Mechanism and System of Foreign Government-Affiliated Think Tank Management——Based on the Analysis of Two Cases in Germany and the United States

[目的/意义]新型智库建设为政府决策的科学性和有效性奠定了重要根基,也为沟通政府管理和社会发展提供了桥梁。改革开放以来,我国的智库建设取得了突破性进展,但在发展过程中依旧缺乏足够有效的体制机制激励。[方法/过程]本文运用描述性分析和比较案例分析方法对德国、美国有影响力的政府附属型智库,即德国发展研究所和美国国会研究服务部的管理体制机制进行比较分析,并对我国政府附属型智库建设提出一定的启示性建议。[结果/结论]研究结果表明,智库设立的目的影响其管理体制机制。德国发展研究所的设立有国际影响力需求,以政府控股的非营利性有限责任公司形式组织,并在人才培养、研究人员聘请方面显示出开放性和多元性,在资金使用和专家构成方面也显示出更明显的透明性;美国政府附属型智库有明显的分工,避免交叉,并在不同的领域形成专业性建议和影响力。美国国会研究服务部作为专门服务于国会的政府内设机构,体现出明显的封闭性及法律与行政共治色彩。因此,针对政府附属型智库的建设,本文提出如下建议:依据分工需求设立政府部门型智库以及政府控股的非营利性法人智库;政府部门型智库须以研究和资金的透明性为基础,展开政府决策服务工作;国际影响力型政府附属智库需要有更多的开放性、多元性和透明性。

[Purpose/significance]The construction of new types of think tanks with Chinese characteristics has laid an important foundation for scientific and effective government decision-making,and also provided a bridge between government management and social development.Since the reform and opening up,China has made a breakthrough in the construction of think tanks,but still lacks sufficient effective institutional mechanisms to stimulate the development of think tanks.[Method/process]This study uses descriptive analysis and comparative case analysis methods to compare management systems and operational mechanisms of influential government-affiliated think tanks in Germany and the United States,German Development Institute(DIE)and Congressional Research Service(CRS)of the United States,and to propose certain revealing suggestions for the construction of think tanks in China.[Result/conclusion]The results of the study show that the purpose of the establishment of a think tank affects its management system and operation mechanism.DIE is organized as a non-profit limited liability company controlled by the government with the need for international influence.It shows openness and pluralism in the training of talents and hiring of researchers,as well as more obvious transparency in funding and the composition of experts.The U.S.government-affiliated think tanks have a clear division of work,avoiding crossover and forming professional advice and influence in different fields.CRS,as an internal government agency dedicated to serving the Congress,has a distinctly closed and legal-administrative overtone,with appointments of the relevant directors and researchers by administration.Therefore,to construct government affiliated thinktanks,this study provides following recommendations:government departmental think tanks and government-held non-profit corporate think tanks should be established according to the division of work;government departmental think tanks should provide government decision-making services based on the transparency of research and funding;international impact think tanks need to have more openness,pluralism and transparency.