石峁遗址出土陶、石器功能反映的礼仪和生计活动

Functions of ceramic and stone tools related to ritual and subsistence activities at the Shimao site

石峁城址是四千年前中国北方城市发展初期阶段的一个主要中心遗址。本文对石峁遗址的东门和韩家圪旦居住区出土的19件陶、石工具进行了微痕和残留物分析,以便了解遗址中不同区域的经济和政治活动的多样性。分析结果显示,两地点出土的石器功能既有相同之处,也有明显区别,并在一定程度上代表两地点人群活动特点。东门的石刀和石杵具有厨房用具的特征,包括制作发酵酒一类的食物,可能与宴饮备餐有关。韩家圪旦的多种类型陶、石工具显示出比较复杂的使用功能:有些专用于收割谷物、加工韧皮纤维或加工粟黍,有些为厨刀,还有一些为多功能工具;其中有些工具也具有加工发酵食物的特征。制作发酵食物的原料主要包括红曲霉、大米、粟黍及小麦族植物,可能与酿造红曲酒等食物有关。这些结果丰富了我们对石峁东门的礼仪性功能及其城内居民生计模式的了解,有助于进一步探索城市发展初期城内不同区域的社会生产分工问题。

Shimao was a regional center in an early stage of urbanization in northern China 4,000 years ago.In this paper,we analyzed the use-wear traces and residues on 19 pottery and stone tools unearthed at the East Gate and the Hanjiagedan residential locality to investigate the diversity of economic and political activities in different areas of the Shimao site.The results show similarities and differences in tool function between the two locations,which to some extent represent the characteristics of people’s activities in the two places.Stone knives and pestles in the East Gate have the attributes of kitchen tools,including for making fermented beverages,which may have been related to preparing meals for feasting events.Various types of pottery and stone tools from Hanjiagedan exhibit complicated functions:some were dedicated tools for harvesting grains,processing bast fibers,or processing millet;some were kitchen knives;and some were multifunctional tools.Several tools also show the characteristics of processing fermented foods.The raw materials for making fermented foods mainly include Monascus mold,rice,millet and Triticeae plants,probably related to the brewing of red qu beer and other foods.These results enrich our understanding of the ceremonial function of the East Gate and the subsistence mode of the residential area at Shimao,and help to further explore the division of socio-economic activities in different sectors of the site in the early stage of urban development.