作物养分管理的农机农艺结合技术研究进展

Integration of Agricultural Machinery and Agronomic Techniques for Crop Nutrient Management in China

养分高效管理是农业绿色发展的重大需求。随着农业规模化经营和耕作栽培技术的发展,养分管理技术与施肥机具之间农机农艺不匹配的问题日益明显,如何实现养分管理中农艺技术与农机操作的有机结合,成为农业绿色发展亟需解决的关键问题。本文分析了我国养分管理农机农艺结合技术的研究现状及发展方向,提出高效施肥技术需要用适宜的施肥机械作保障,肥料新产品研发需要新的施肥机械,栽培耕作方式变革对农业机械产生新的需求,施肥机械化需要智能化提升,同时肥料产品和施肥技术研发需要考虑机械的可行性。针对东北春玉米、华北冬小麦-夏玉米及南方水稻种植体系的主要养分管理特点,阐述了我国在玉米启动肥及种肥同播技术、玉米秸秆覆盖条带耕作技术、小麦机械化追肥技术、水稻机械化侧深施肥技术及机械化变量施肥技术等方面的研究进展,对如何促进农机农艺结合、提升我国农田养分管理技术水平提出了建议。

The efficient nutrient management is essential for agricultural green development.With the increase of farm land scale and the development of agricultural mechanization,the mismatch between agricultural machinery and agronomy in nutrient management becomes increasingly obvious.There is a requirement to coordinate agronomic techniques and machinery operation.This paper analyzed the current situation and improvement direction in nutrient management techniques and agricultural machinery in the cropping system of spring maize in northeast China,winter wheat-summer maize in north China,and rice planting system in south China.It is indicated that efficient fertilizer application technology needs suitable fertilizer application machinery as guarantee,new fertilizer products need new fertilizer application machinery,changing cultivation and tillage methods generates new demand for agricultural machinery,and fertilizer application mechanization to be upgraded by using information and automatic intelligent techniques.At the same time,the fertilizer products and fertilizer application technology innovation need to take into consideration of the feasibility of mechanization.This paper described the research progress of starter fertilizer,synchronized fertilizer application and sowing technology,and straw mulching strip tillage technology in maize,within-season mechanized fertilizer application technology in wheat,mechanized side-depth fertilizer application technology in rice,and mechanized variable fertilizer application technology in China.The suggestions were provided to enhance the integration of agricultural machinery and agronomic technology,so as to upgrade the level of nutrient management of field crops.