我国粮食损失浪费现状与节粮减损潜力研究

Grain Loss and Waste in China:Current Situation,Reduction Potential and Counter-measures

粮食安全是事关人类生存的根本性问题,减少粮食损耗是保障粮食安全的重要途径。然而,多年来关于我国粮食损失浪费和节粮减损的研究相对不足,本文对粮食损失浪费的相关概念进行界定,对粮食损失浪费的测算方法进行了介绍,并利用2016—2017年全国大范围实地调研和测量数据,对田间到餐桌主要环节的粮食损失浪费进行测度,同时对节粮减损的潜力进行了探讨。研究表明:第一,三大主粮的综合损失浪费率为20.02%,其中加工环节最大(6.03%),储藏、运输和销售环节损失率较低(1%以内),从品种来看,小麦综合损失率最小(13.38%),水稻综合损失率最大(30.27%);第二,根据当年粮食产量测算,我国三大粮食总损失浪费量为12170万吨;第三,基于样本最小损失率,同时考虑生产实践的可行性,本文测算的粮食减损潜力为7.06%,即只要采取适当措施,三大粮食综合损失率可以降低为12.96%,这样可减少损失4292万吨。为此,本文从粮食供应链各主要环节分别提出了相应政策建议。

Food security is a fundamental issue concerning human survival,so reducing food loss and waste is an important way to ensure food security.However,for many years the research on food loss and waste in China is relatively insufficient,this paper firstly defines food loss and waste and introduces the measurement method of grain loss and waste.Then by using the national wide field survey and experiment data,the loss and waste of three major grain products(rice,wheat and maize,that’s,cereal)are measured from the loss and waste rate and quantity.The potentials of grain loss and waste control are also discussed.The results show that:(1)the comprehensive rate of loss and waste of the three major grain products is 20.02%,in which the processing section faces the largest(6.03%),but the loss rates of storage,transportation and sales sections are lower(less than 1%).In terms of varieties,the comprehensive loss rate of wheat is the lowest(13.38%),and that of rice is the highest(30.27%).(2)Based on the annual grain output in the year of 2016,the total loss and waste of China’s three major grain products is 121.70 million tons.(3)By the minimum rate principle of sample,and considering the feasibility of production practice,the estimated reduction potential is 7.06%,that is,if appropriate measures are taken,the comprehensive loss and waste rate of the three major grain products can be reduced to 12.96%,thus reducing the loss and waste by 42.92 million tons.Finally,the policy implications and suggestions are provided from major sections of grain supply chain.