霸权的护持:冷战时期美国的国家安全研究

Shield of Hegemony:National Security Studies in the United States during the Cold War

冷战时期美国国家安全的研究可以分为三个阶段,即第二次世界大战前后的创生、1950—1970年代初期的兴起与衰落,以及1970年代中后期到1989年冷战终结期间的复兴。在第一阶段,国家安全的概念、理论和议题从无到有,并获得初步发展;在第二阶段,国家安全研究在美国学术研究机构中迅速兴起,进入“黄金时代”,核威慑理论、有限战争、军备控制等构成了该阶段国家安全研究的主要内容;在第三阶段,国家安全研究的议程变得更为丰富,研究的实证性、学术性和应用性有了较大提升。总的来看,经过半个世纪的发展,国家安全已经发展成为国际关系学科下一个相对独立的研究领域。美国国家安全研究的阶段性变化与国际环境的变迁和美国对外战略的调整相对应,体现了国家安全研究作为一门政策科学的基本属性。

The National Security Studies(NSS)in the United States during the Cold War can be divided into three phases:the creation of NSS around WWII in the 1940s,the rise and fall of NSS from the 1950s to the early 1970s,and the renaissance of NSS from the mid and late 1970s to the end of the Cold War around 1989.In the first phase,the concept,theory,and agenda of national security came into being and gained initial development.In the second phase,NSS developed rapidly and entered its“Golden Age,”with nuclear strategies,deterrence theory,limited war,and arms control becoming its main research subjects.However,NSS witnessed a decline in the United States because of the Vietnam War.In the third phase,NSS further expanded its research agenda,and the empirical,theoretical,and applicational dimensions of NSS improved significantly.It is safe to argue that,during the Cold War,NSS developed into a relatively independent research domain within the IR discipline in the United States.Its evolution during the three phases reflected the changes in the international environment and the adjustment of U.S.strategies,which is an indication that NSS is primarily a policy science.