清代热河烧锅与承德酿酒业的兴起

Rehe Distillery and the Rise of Chengde Liquor-making Industry in Qing Dynasty

烧锅酿酒是我国北方具有代表性的传统工艺。热河一带作为承德酿酒业兴起的重要地区,自辽宋金元以来便是北方少数民族与中原汉民族酿酒技艺的融合地。入清以后,热河烧锅受惠于清初以来的政策红利而真正兴起,主要经历了三个发展阶段,一是清初京城八旗官兵迁移建庄,促使热河庄头烧锅迅速发展壮大。面对康雍时期的禁酒政策,各庄烧锅以其特权身份优势而免于受到影响。二是乾隆时期实行严厉禁酒,与北五省大部分烧锅被压制不同,热河地区却因府县设置的提升,进一步推动了民间烧锅的发展,积累了自身酿造能力和应变能力。三是朝廷于同治九年下放酒税征收权力,热河烧锅户虽然逐步失去了政策红利,却依然能够较快融入地方财税体系以及百姓日常生活之中。承德酿酒业的兴起不仅得益于清政府在热河地区实行的与移民政策、府县设置相适应的烧锅政策,也源自于其技术条件基础和应对环境变化的能力。

Pot distilling is a typical traditional craft in north of China.Rehe area,as an important area for the rise of Chengde liquor-making industry,has been the fusion place of the liquor-making skills of the northern minorities and the Han nationality since Liao,Song,Jin and Yuan Dynasties.After entering the Qing Dynasty,Rehe distillery rose due to the policy since the early Qing Dynasty and experienced three stages of development.First,in the early Qing Dynasty,offi cers and soldiers of the Eight Banners in the capital moved to build villages in Rehe area,which promoted the rapid development of Rehe liquor-making.In the face of the prohibition policy of KangYong period,Rehe liquor-making was not affected for their privileged status.Second,during the reign of Emperor Qianlong,liquor was strictly prohibited.Unlike most of the fi ve northern provinces where distilleris were suppressed,the further development of Rehe distillery due to the improvement of prefectural and county settings,and accumulated its own liquor-making ability.Third,the imperial court delegated the power of liquor tax collection in the ninth year of Tongzhi.Although Rehe distillery households gradually lost the policy bonus,they were still able to quickly integrate into the local tax system and people’s daily life.The rise of Chengde distillery industry not only benefi ted from the policy that the Qing government implemented in Rehe area according with the immigration policy and the setting up of prefectural counties,but also derived from its technical basis and the ability to cope with environmental changes.