论民事证明责任的文义解释原则——以《民法典》第311条及其司法解释的适用为例

On Principle of Contextual Interpretation of Onus Probandi

《物权编解释一》规定,善意取得中的真实权利人应当承担受让人“不构成善意”的举证证明责任。这是证明责任“目的解释论”催生的结果,但显然与《民法典》的规定相悖。抛开规范文义而按照所谓制度目的或其他相互冲突的多元化实质性依据解释证明责任,很容易得出背离法律规范的结论,也会使本来极易产生争议的证明责任归属更加不确定。脱离法律规范文本解释证明责任,是我国证明责任实践容易出现错乱的重要根源。善意取得中的善意要件的证明责任应当遵循通说理论,按照实体规范的文义进行解释。文义解释的结论具有直观性、确定性等特点,是法律解释的首选方法,也应作为证明责任解释的基本原则。严格遵循规范文义解释证明责任,恰是“规范说”取得通说理论地位的关键。

Through judicial interpretation,The Supreme People’s Court of PRC stipulates that in bona fide acquisition the real obligee should bear the onus probandi of good-faith of vendee.This is the result of the theory of purposive interpretation of onus probandi,but it is obviously contrary to the provisions of the Property Law at that time and the current Civil Code.It is easy to draw a conclusion that the onus probandi deviates from the legal norms and also make the onus probandi that is easy to dispute more uncertain which by abandoning the normative meaning and interpreting onus probandi according to the purpose of the system or other conflicting diversified substantive basis.Interpreting onus probandi divorced from legal norms is also an important reason for confusion in the practice of onus probandi in China.The onus probandi of bona fide acquisition should be interpreted according to the general theory and literal meaning of substantive law.The conclusion of literal interpretation has the characteristics of directness and certainty,which is the preferred method of legal interpretation and should also be taken as the basic principle of onus probandi interpretation.Strictly following the literal meaning of legal norms is the key factor for the general theory to obtain the theoretical status of burden of onus probandi.