技术从属性下雇主的算法权力与法律规制

Algorithmic Power of Employers and Its Legal Regulation in the Context of Technological Subordination

区别于民事雇佣关系的劳动关系,被认为包含“从属性”之特征,学界主要从人格从属性、经济从属性和组织从属性等方面加以研究,而作为本源性从属和间接性从属的技术从属性一直未受重视。技术要素是形成大工业时代工厂劳动的基本动因,也是雇主在劳动过程中将劳资直接矛盾转移为机器与劳动者间接对立之手段。随着人工智能的发展和算法的运用,本来意义上自主灵活的用工形态受到了技术要素的影响,雇主管控效能得以提高,形成了雇主算法权力。雇主算法权力是劳动管理权的技术构成和范围扩张,其形成和运行有特殊性,由此产生了劳资之间的技术势差。需以劳动关系平衡作为雇主算法权力行使之界限,通过制定系统规则,对雇主算法权力的溢出和滥用加以限制和矫正。算法权力构成应防止劳动的技术异化,算法系统设计应做到透明、知情及可释,算法机制运行应避免劳动歧视、直接决定劳动者重大利益及破坏劳动团结。

Different from the employer-employee relationship in the civil law,labor relationship is considered to contain the characteristic of“subordination”.The academic community mainly studies labor relationship from the aspects of the subordination of personality,economy and organization.However,technical subordination,as the original and indirect subordination,has been neglected for a long time.Technical elements are the basic motivations for the formation of industrial factory labor,and also the means by which employers transfer the direct labor-capital contradiction into the indirect opposition between machines and workers in the process of labor.With the development of artificial intelligence and the utilize of algorithms,influenced by technical factors,some forms of employment which were regarded as independent and flexible in the past,such as remote work,platform work,and part-time work,have increased the efficiency of the employer’s control and formed the algorithmic power of employers.The algorithmic power is the technical composition and extension of the employer’s management right that leads to the technical potential difference between employers and employees.It is necessary to take the balance of labor relations as the limit of the employer’s exercise of algorithmic power.China should formulate relevant labor rules to prevent the technical alienation of labor,make the algorithm more transparent,informed and explicable,prohibit algorithmic discrimination,and prevent algorithm from directly determining the vital interests of workers and destroying the right to organize.