课后服务的功能与价值——基于美国课后服务的观察

The Functions and Value of After-School Services——An Observation Based on After-School Services in the United States

提供课后服务,解决学生课后无人监管问题是世界各国共同面临的难题。美国课后服务的产生与发展,源于劳动力市场的变化、社会问题增多以及党派之争。美国课后服务在减少青少年犯罪、提高学生的学业成绩以及促进学生社会与情感发展方面发挥了积极作用。美国课后服务的运作,有赖于广泛的资金来源、多样化的课程、多渠道的教师来源、较为成熟的监管评价体系、多元化的课后服务供给主体以及非政府组织和机构的助力推动。美国的课后服务实践表明,政府主导作用发挥不足是造成不平等现象凸显的主要原因。课后服务具有实现公共利益的价值和满足公共需求的功能。课后服务所具备的看管功能、教育功能和社会功能决定了其公共服务的价值属性。在建立具有公共服务性质的课后服务体系中,政府必须发挥主导性作用,学校必须充分发挥“主阵地”作用,树立课后服务与课内教学同样重要的理念,共同服务于教育目标的实现。这既是新时期构建高质量教育体系的必然选择,也是基础教育“提质增效”和办人民满意教育的客观要求。

Providing after-school services and solving the problem of unsupervised students is a common problem facing all countries in the world. The emergence and development of after-school services in the United States derived from changes in the labor market,increased social problems,and disputes between different parties. The after-school services play an active role in reducing juvenile delinquency,improving students’ academic performance,and promoting their social and emotional development. The operation of the after-school services depends on the funds from a wide range of sources,diversified academic courses,multi-channel teacher sources,a relatively mature system of supervision and evaluation,diversified after-school service suppliers,and the driving force from non-governmental organizations. The practice of the after-school services shows that the insufficient leadership of the government is the main reason for the increased inequality. After-school services have the value of realizing public interests,and function by meeting public needs. Their functions,such as care,education,and social development,determine the value of their public service. In the establishment of an after-school service system in the nature of public service,the government needs to play a leading role,and schools must take up the "major position" and establish the concept that after-school services are as important as classroom teaching;in this way,the government and schools jointly serve educational goals. This is not only an inevitable choice for the building of a high-quality education system in the new era,but also an objective need for the improvement of the quality and efficiency of basic education and the development of education satisfying people.