中国陆地边境口岸区位、类型结构及其形成机理

Location,Type and Developing Mechanism of the Border Ports in China

边境口岸是国家沿边开放的门户,是与周边国家进行贸易往来和社会文化交流的枢纽节点,对国土开发体系构建与国际交流网络融合具有重要作用。文章基于时间和空间两个维度,分析了中国陆地边境口岸的开设路线与分布格局,从交通方式、岸城距离、地形地貌等角度深入研究了其类型分异与基本特征,并采用HH指数从各角度考察其运输集中性,最后揭示了中国边境口岸开设路线、分布特征及空间集中性的发展机理。研究发现,中国具有现代功能的边境口岸形成了五个发展阶段,集中布局在东北、新疆和西南边境地区,以公路口岸为主,多数口岸形成岸城分离,而国家对外开放路径、地缘政治格局、自然地理环境、交通连通、腹地经济等因素对其开设、布局及运输集散性具有重要影响。

The border port is the gateway of land opening and the hub node of international trade and social-cultural exchanges among the countries. The border ports play an important controlling role for the system of national land development and the integration of international communication networks. Based on the spatiotemporal dimension, this paper described the opening routes and distribution pattern of China’s border ports and analyzed their type differentiation and basic features from the perspectives of transport connection,distance between border port and city,and topography. It investigated their spatial concentration using the HH index from various views and revealed the development mechanism of the distribution and spatial concentration of China’s border ports. The results showed that China’s border ports with modern functions experienced five stages, and concentrated in the northeastern and southwestern of border regions of China,and Xinjiang. Most of border ports are the road ports and are separated from their local cities. The national opening path,geopolitical pattern, natural geographical environment,transport connectivity,hinterland economy have an important impact on the development of the border ports,including location,size and potential. This research can provide scientific guidance for the distribution optimalization and the formation of supporting policies for China’s border ports.