国家治理中的第三次分配:美国镜鉴与中国道路

The Third Distribution in National Governance:American Enlightenment and Chinese Path

第三次分配在中国推动共同富裕迈入新阶段的当下扮演着重要角色。基于国家社会关系视角,将第三次分配划分为强政府大社会、弱政府大社会、强政府小社会、弱政府小社会4种实践模式。美国第三次分配建构起了弱政府大社会实践模式,以社会主导、政府监管、政治中立为主要特征。工具理性是美国第三次分配的成功经验,形成了文化、组织、制度及技术“四位一体”的逻辑理路。隐藏在工具理性外衣下的阶级理性是美国第三次分配的失败教训,在阶级理性思维影响下,社会“私”的方面被放大,形成了以捐赠者为中心的家长制作风。中国第三次分配是先富带动后富、助推共同富裕的实现方式,它深嵌到中国式现代化进程中。中国第三次分配不能照搬美国模式,需要在充分吸收工具理性和摒弃阶级理性的经验教训基础上,塑造强政府大社会模式,将中国文化要素融入制度体系,增强第三次分配主体规范性,加大第三次分配激励力度,完善第三次分配监管体系,持续并高度关注贫困人群。

The third distribution plays an important role in the process of China’s common prosperity.Based on the perspective of state-society relations,the third distribution model can be divided into four theoretical types:strong government and big society,weak government and big society,strong government and small society,and weak government and small society.The third distribution in the United States has constructed a weak government and big society practice model,which is mainly characterized by social dominance,government supervision,and political neutrality.Instrumental rationality is the successful experience of the third distribution in the United States,forming the logical rationale of the“four in one”of culture,organization,system and technology.The class rationality hidden under the instrumental rationality is the failed lesson of the third distribution in the United States.Under the influence of class rational thinking,the“private”aspect of society has been magnified,and a donor-centered paternalistic style has been formed,thus safeguarding the economic interests of the high-income class,and meeting the service needs of the high-income class.China’s third distribution is the way to boost common prosperity,and it is deeply embedded in the process of Chinese path to modernization.Therefore,China’s third distribution cannot copy the American path.Instead,it needs to build a strong government and big society model on the basis of absorbing instrumental rationality and abandoning class rationality,and integrate Chinese cultural elements into the system.Moreover,it needs to strengthen the standardization of the main body of the third distribution,increase the incentives,improve the supervision system and keep ongoing and highly focused attention to the poor.