国外旅游创业研究述评与展望

A Review and Prospect of the Foreign Tourism Entrepreneurship Research

旅游创业研究是旅游理论与创业理论的结合研究,正成为国际旅游学界颇受关注的新兴重要议题,但国内研究较少对国外旅游创业研究现状进行整体回顾。文章通过科学知识图谱和内容分析法,梳理了与研究主题高度相关的98篇期刊文献,从旅游创业者、旅游创业机会、旅游创业资源、旅游创业决策和旅游新企业管理这5个方面展开述评,探究了旅游创业的独特性及其与一般创业的异同,并在此基础上提出了旅游创业研究的未来展望。文章旨在加强该领域与国际研究的交流,推动国内旅游创业研究,并为“大众创业、万众创新”时代下旅游企业加强创业管理提供理论指导。

Tourism entrepreneurship research is a combination of tourism theory and entrepreneurship theory. Before 2015, foreign tourism entrepreneurship research was still in the stage of weak theoretical foundation, low data quality and single method design. With the rapid development of entrepreneurship theory research in the international scope, tourism entrepreneurship has become an increasingly concerned research field. At the same time, the number and content of research are increasing. In order to promote the development of tourism entrepreneurship, the academic community began to use the mainstream entrepreneurship theory for theoretical development, and took the initiative to integrate with sustainable entrepreneurship, social entrepreneurship, digital entrepreneurship and other new types of entrepreneurship. In addition, the academic community also highlights the uniqueness of tourism entrepreneurship from the aspects of lifestyle, which were oriented entrepreneurial motivation, the scale characteristics of family businesses and the status of female entrepreneurs.This paper reviews the representative literature of important foreign tourism journals and related academic journals, and answers the following three questions: what is the research status of foreign tourism entrepreneurship? What are the similarities and differences between tourism entrepreneurship and general entrepreneurship? What are the future research topics of tourism entrepreneurship? Through the scientific knowledge map and content analysis, this paper summarizes 98 top-level literatures of important foreign journals. Based on the entrepreneurship theory and the characteristics of tourism, this paper classifies these literatures from five aspects: entrepreneurs, entrepreneurial opportunities, entrepreneurial resources, entrepreneurial decision-making and new enterprise management.Compared with the general entrepreneurship, the differences of tourism entrepreneurship are as follows: In the tourism entrepreneurship, women outnumber men and the lifestyle oriented entrepreneurial motivation accounts for the majority.Relying on prior knowledge and entrepreneurial vigilance, most tourism entrepreneurs found opportunities “accidentally” and formed competitive advantages through innovative ideas and products, which forms a unique phenomenon of “inadvertently inserting willows into the shade”.Tourism entrepreneurship is mostly small-scale and family entrepreneurship, which also means that problems such as insufficient funds and limited social resources are more likely to occur. Therefore, the utilization and acquisition of entrepreneurial resources are more important for tourism entrepreneurs.Tourism entrepreneurs start their businesses mostly from lifestyle oriented or business oriented motivation, and pay more attention to their own feelings and experiences. Therefore, entrepreneurial decisions are mostly affected by the characteristics of entrepreneurs.Then, focusing on “entrepreneurs-entrepreneurial opportunities-entrepreneurial resources”, this paper constructs four future key research topics: context research on tourism entrepreneurship;research on the integration of tourism entrepreneurship and social entrepreneurship;research on the dynamics of tourism entrepreneurship opportunities;research on tourism entrepreneurship from the multi-agent perspective. This paper aims to strengthen the academic exchange between this field and international research, promote domestic tourism entrepreneurship research, and provide theoretical enlightenment for tourism entrepreneurship management in the era of “mass entrepreneurship and innovation”.