亲子否认原告资格的司法困境与纾解路径——基于利益衡量的视角

Judicial Dilemma of the Plaintiff Qualification in the Parent-child Denial Lawsuit and Its Solution:From the Perspective of Interest Evaluation

多数学者在理论层面将《民法典》亲子否认之诉的原告范围解释为法定父亲或母亲,但实践中法官通过能动适用司法,已经出现诸多承认生父原告资格的裁判。当法定父亲未与子女建立实质家庭关系且丧失抚养子女意愿时,承认生父原告资格既不影响婚姻家庭稳定性,与未成年子女、婚姻双方当事人以及第三人利益也不存在冲突。因此,经DNA鉴定确与子女存在血缘关系的生父,若能提供证据证明子女在原家庭生活中可能遭受合法利益损害,并确有与该子女建立社会家庭关系意愿时,承认其原告资格具有正当性。为平衡多方利益与兼顾法律衔接性,生父提请诉讼时,子女未满八周岁的,应征得子女母亲同意;已满八周岁的,应征得子女及其母亲同意。

Scholars generally believe that the scope of the plaintiff who denies the kinship between a parent and a legitimate child as stipulated in the Civil Code should be interpreted as the legal father or legal mother.However,there have been some judgments that recognize the biological fathers’plaintiff qualification because of judges’judicial activism.From the perspective of interest evaluation,when the legal father fails to establish a substantial family relationship with the child and loses his willingness to raise the child,the recognition of the biological father’s plaintiff qualification neither destabilizes marriage and family,nor harms the interests of the child,parties to the marriage,and third parties.Therefore,if the biological father whose blood relationship with the child is confirmed by DNA identification can evidence that the child’s interests may suffer damage in the original family,and at the same time show willingness to establish a family relationship with the child,he should be admitted as a plaintiff.In order to balance the interests of multiple parties and maintain legal cohesion,when the biological father files a lawsuit,the consent of the mother should be obtained if the child is under eight,and if the child is over eight,the consent of both the child and the mother should be obtained.