军事管理与郡县历程:卫所制度在贵州东部的实践

Military Management and the Process of Prefectures: the Practice of Wei-suo System in Eastern Guizhou

为了巩固统治,明朝设计了卫所制度,大量设置卫所,进行军事控制。为了钳制土司、震慑土著,明初在贵州东部思州、思南二宣慰司境内安插平溪、清浪、镇远、偏桥、铜鼓、五开六卫及天柱、汶溪、思州、思南等所。卫所插入土司领地,加强了控制,改变了地方政局,为郡县体制的建立奠定了基础,实际开启了当地的郡县化。永乐朝借思州、思南内讧之机,将二司废除,建立贵州布政司,分设思南、石阡、乌罗、铜仁、思州、镇远、新化、黎平八府,正式拉开了改土归流和郡县化的序幕。卫所制度的实践,加快了地方开发和熟化,为改土归流创造了条件。清初大力裁并卫所、改土归流,促成了贵州东部郡县化的最终完成。这个过程,其实也是各族交往交流交融中加速中华民族共同体形成的历史特写。

The Ming Dynasty designed and set up a large number of military settlements to consolidate the feudal rule. For example, in order to suppress the Chieftains and the aborigines, Pingxi, Qinglang,Zhenyuan, Pianqiao, Tonggu and Wukai settlements were established in the territory of Sizhou and Sinan Chieftains, where is called Eastern Guizhou now. The military settlements strengthened the control of the central government in the chieftain areas, changed the local political situation and laid the foundation for the establishment of prefecture and county system. Emperor Yongle abolished Sizhou and Sinan chieftains and set up Sinan, Shiqian, Wuluo, Tongren, Sizhou, Zhenyuan, Xinhua, and Liping prefectures, which officially opened the prelude of transformation into prefecture and county system. The military settlement system promoted the social and economic development of the ethnic minority areas and created conditions for reform of chieftains. In early Qing Dynasty, the prefecture and county system was finally established in eastern Guizhou. In fact, this process is also a historical feature of accelerating the formation of the Chinese national community in the exchanges and integration of all ethnic groups.