论《诗经》中的无逸精神

On the “Wu Yi” Spirit in The Book of Songs

《诗经》中的“无逸”精神在《尚书·无逸》的“无逸”思想——以民为本、体察民情;以史为鉴、时时警惧;以勤为径、夙兴夜寐;以容为大、卑弱克己的基础上,增添了新内涵。在勤作、勤政、勤业之外,不再是简单的尽瘁为公,而是在“公与私”之间的徘徊与犹豫,大国与小家的关系问题开始逐渐成为官吏们一生面对的难题。在劳作之外,关注劳动所得,关注社会制度的分配问题,意味着不再对君主或统治者个人的德行寄予厚望,而是开始着力于社会制度的建设来治理天下,尽管仍然怀抱着“以民为本”的精神,但所采用的方式已有变化。官吏们所面临的生理挑战或者是及时行乐这一主题的出现,透露出人们开始注意到自己的生命存在之重要性,自此,“无逸”精神也包含了一层对生命珍重的内涵。从文体学的意义上讲,《尚书·无逸》如果能作为“家训”的起源,那《齐风·鸡鸣》也可视作“家训”体的变体,只是训导者和被训导者为妻对夫,专题论说文为对话体的差别。除此之外,用动植物的状态来指称人奋发图强的状态、采用比较客观的星象来点明时间的珍贵等也都成为《诗经》书写无逸精神的独特之处。

The“Wu Yi”spirit in The Book of Songs displays new connotations besides those from The Book of Documents: orientation towards people, reference to history, diligence and self-abnegation. More than simple self-sacrifice, it challenges officials with the complex relation between public and private. The attention given to income and distribution means governance through institutional construction instead of the monarch’s virtue, and the emergence of physical hardships or the motif of Carpe Diem indicate people’s acknowledgement of the importance of personal life,thus the“Wu Yi”spirit is enriched. From the stylistic point of view, if the essay“Wu Yi”from The Book of Documents is the origin of family precepts, the verse“Ji Ming”from The Book of Songs can be regarded as a variant of this genre, though the precepts are given from the wife to the husband in the form of dialogue. In addition, using animals and plants to represent human effort and astrology to highlight the value of time etc. also becomes a distinctive feature of The Books of Songs in its writing about the“Wu Yi”spirit.