农村中小学生学校适应的类别特征及其影响因素:基于潜在剖面分析

The Category Characteristics and the Contributory Factors of School Adjustment for Rural Primary and Junior High School Students:Based on Potential Profile Analysis

采用问卷对5640名农村中小学生进行调查发现,农村中小学生学校适应存在3个潜在类别,即适应困难组(小学生23.16%,初中生14.59%)、中等适应组(小学生45.78%,初中生44.48%)和适应良好组(小学生31.06%,初中生40.93%)。通过进一步分析发现:女生的学校适应比男生好;非留守儿童学校适应比留守儿童好;小学各年级学生的学校适应无显著差异,而相比初一、初二年级学生,初三年级学生学校适应较差;农村中小学生学校适应受到家庭、学校、社区和同伴等环境中风险因素的影响,各领域的生态风险越高,学校适应越差;农村中小学生自我控制水平越高,学校适应越好。这说明农村中小学生学校适应有三种类别,且其发展会受到生态风险和积极心理品质等的影响,而增强农村中小学生的学校适应,可从减少外部生态风险和培养积极心理品质着手。

A questionnaire survey was conducted among 5640 rural primary and secondary school students.The results showed that there were three potential categories of school adjustment among rural primary and secondary school students,namely,the group with adjustment difficulties(23.16%in primary schools,14.59%in junior high schools),the group with moderate adjustment(45.8%in primary schools,44.48%in junior high schools)and the group with good adjustment(31.06%in primary schools,40.93%in junior high schools).After a further analysis,it is revealed that the school adjustment of girls is better than that of boys,and the school adjustment of living-with-parents children is better than that of left-behind children.There are no obvious differences in school adjustment among different grades in primary schools,whereas in junior high schools,the students in grade nine have poorer school adjustment compared with the students in grade seven and eight.Students have poorer school adjustment with higher risks from surrounding environments including family,schools,communities,peers,etc.And it is also found that the better they control themselves,the better the school adjustment they have.The results suggest that there are three categories of school adjustment among rural primary and junior high school students,and its development can be influenced by ecological risks and positive psychological qualities.And the risks can be reduced and the qualities can be cultivated by improving their school adjustment.