隐私权保护的民法转向与刑法因应

The Civil Law Turn of Privacy Protection and the Response of Criminal Law

隐私权是重要的人格权,必须立法保护。在我国《民法典》编纂前,已经初步形成以部门法为核心的隐私权保障体系。《民法典》沿用《民法总则》的保护模式,将隐私权从名誉权中脱离出来,与个人信息权并列为独立一节。民法对隐私权保护的转变直接影响到刑法的隐私权保护。在刑法中,隐私权的独立法益地位尚未呈现,涉及隐私权法益的保护采取依托于名誉权、个人信息权等法益的间接保护,可能导致隐私权法益保护的不周延和错位。鉴于民法承认隐私权的独立地位和刑法隐私权间接保护的困境,隐私权的刑法保护应着眼于风险控制。刑法需要探寻隐私权直接保护的新路径,以便构建我国隐私权全面保护体系。

Privacy is an important personality right,which must be protected by legislation.Before the compilation of China’s Civil Code,a privacy protection system based on departmental law has been formed.The Civil Code extended the protection mode of the General Principles of Civil Law for the right of privacy,separated it from the right of reputation,and listed it in the same separate section with the right of personal information.The transformation of the civil law on the protection of the right of privacy will directly affect the criminal law’s re-examination and construction of the privacy protection model.Different from the direct protection model of civil law,the independent legal interest status of the right of privacy has not yet been presented in the criminal law,and the protection of legal interests related to the right of privacy is based on the indirect protection model of legal interests such as reputation rights and personal information rights.This protection mode may lead to inconsistent and dislocation of the protection of legal interests of privacy.Therefore,considering the dilemma that the civil law has recognized the independent status of the right of privacy and that criminal law protects it independently,the criminal law needs to explore new ways to directly protect the right of privacy in order to form a comprehensive protection system for the right of privacy.