美国信息技术教育应用的历史回眸:期望影响与现实影响

A Historical Retrospect of Application of Information Technology in Education in the United States:Expected Impact and Actual Impact

推动技术的教育应用是教育技术领域的光荣使命。20世纪中期以来,信息技术飞速发展,但其对学校教育的影响比起对其他领域的影响还较弱。以史为鉴、理性探索,教育技术可以更具实效。文章采用文献研究法与历史研究法,梳理了美国信息技术在教育中应用的历史,阐述了其中的期望影响与现实影响。期望影响的演变进程大致为:减轻教师负担、进行个别化教学、促进学生认知发展、推动教育变革与公平;现实影响为:教学一线对待信息技术的态度比较冷漠,教学中信息技术应用的频度、深度、广度都比较低。之后讨论了造成期望与现实间落差的主要原因:教学软件开发难,技术的娱乐性等特点与教育有冲突,推广者夸大技术而不了解教育需求,学校受体制的惯性束缚而不易变革,制度无法规定教师的技术应用等。对策建议:形成并传播正确的理念;鼓励为教育需求而研发技术,扶植教育技术企业;推动教师参与到技术研发与政策制定中;促成利益相关者的有效合作,加强研究与实践的联系。

Promoting the educational application of technology is a glorious mission in the field of educational technology.Information technology has developed rapidly since the mid-twentieth century,but its impact on school education has been much weaker than on other areas.Educational technology will be more effective through historical reflection and rational exploration.Adopting the methods of literature research and historical research,this paper sorts out the history of the application of information technology in education of the United States,and expounds the expected impact and the actual impact.The evolution of the expected impact is roughly as follows:reduce the burden on teachers,carry out individualized teaching,promote students'cognitive development and drive educational reform and equity.The actual impacts are that the teachers'attitude towards information technology is relatively indifferent,and that the frequency,depth and breadth of the application of information technology in teaching are relatively low.The reasons for the gap mainly are that the development of instructional software is quite difficult,entertainment characteristics of technology conflict with education,technology promoters exaggerate the functions of technology without understanding the real needs of education,schools are difficult to carry on the reform confined by the inertia of the system,and that the institution cannot regulate the teachers'application of technology in the classroom etc.Finally,some countermeasures are proposed:form and disseminate the right ideas;encourage the development of technologies to meet educational needs and prop up educational technology enterprises;urge teachers to participate in technology development and policy making on the application of technology;promote effective collaboration among stakeholders and strengthen the link between research and practice.