法国大革命时期“英国迷”的政治主张及其实质

Political Ideas of the Anglomanes and Their Essence during the French Revolution

作为18世纪后期法国政治领域最具代表意义的崇英群体,1789年国民议会首届宪法委员会里的多数派因其对英国政治制度的推崇,被同时代人嘲讽为“英国迷”。“英国迷”的“英国崇拜”不是一种盲目迷恋,也远非简单的“模仿”。它根植于法国自身的历史环境,具有高度复杂性。“英国迷”首先是革命者,他们拒斥英国不成文宪法的传统,参与推动并见证了一个真正的“法国宪法时刻”的诞生。对法国进行变革是“英国迷”阐述崇英主张的前提。这些为法国有史以来的第一部宪法设计权力关系的主张,试图将英国经验与法国国情相融合,但它们与大革命政治法律文化、法国的社会状况都产生出难以调和的矛盾。通过借鉴英国政制,“英国迷”希望的是迅速结束大革命并使革新后的法国君主制能够长久稳固。从大革命初年到后革命时代,“英国迷”的政治主张表达了对稳定的政治秩序的持续诉求。

Anglomania in 18th-century France has long been a subject of attention.However,as for the anglomanes in the first comitéde Constitution of the Constituent Assembly in 1789,who typified the Anglomania in political and constitutional field in the late 18thcentury,their praise of England was often interpreted by historians of later generations as a kind of idolatry or pale imitation.In fact,their attitude towards England as a foreign model was rooted in the historical context of revolutionary France,which makes it rather complicated.As the first revolutionaries,the anglomanes rejected the English tradition of unwritten constitution and contributed to and bore witness to the naissance of a veritable‘French constitutional moment’.To create change for France actually remained as a precondition for the political project of the anglomanes.This English-typed project,which designed relations of powers for the First French Constitution,attempted to fuse the English experience with the French national conditions.Accordingly,this appeared a contradiction between this project and the political-legal culture of the French Revolution as well as the French social conditions.By quoting the political regime of England,the anglomanes hoped to end the Revolution as quickly as possible and stablise the reformed French monarchy permanently.From the first year of the French Revolution to post-revolutionary times,the political ideas of the anglomanes expressed continuing appeal for stable political order for France.