从“生长之家”到“日本会议”:战后日本右翼势力的演变

From’Seicho-No-Ie’to’Nippon Kaigi’:The Evolution of Japan’s Right-Wing Force during the Post-war Period

第二次世界大战后,以“生长之家”为首的宗教保守势力在信教自由的战后民主环境下迅速抬头,率先提出了反战后体制的运动理念。步入20世纪60年代,以“生长之家”信徒为组织核心的新右翼以“民族派”自居,成为右翼界的主流。但由于新右翼倡导的“反体制、反安保、国家革新,且肯定暴力”的理念本质上是向战前右翼理念的回归,并延续了战前右翼的组织分散等历史弊端,因而也很快陷入了内部分裂。步入20世纪70年代,以“生长之家”信徒为主的新右翼分支引领右翼势力实现了从暴力特质向行动合法化的运动路线转变,适应了战后日本民主体制。日本青年协议会、日本守护会、日本守护国民会议是推动这一路线转变的核心组织。1997年,以这三个组织为核心的综合性右派组织“日本会议”宣告成立,标志着战后日本保守运动全国大联合的形成。“日本会议”以“国民运动”团体自居,对日本社会各界有较强大的影响力,是推动日本社会整体右倾保守化的重要民间力量。“日本会议”的崛起代表着战后日本右翼主流的新方向,其国民运动的表象下潜藏着近代“国民右翼化”现象在战后重现的危机。

After the Second World War,under the post-war democratic circumstance of religious freedom,religious conservative forces led by Seicho-No-Ie rose fast and put forward the movement idea of antipostwar-system for the first time.After the beginning of the 1960s,New Uyoku mainly led by followers of Seicho-No-Ie became the mainstream of Uyoku force,and they named themselves of‘Nation Faction’.New Uyoku initiated the idea of‘anti-system,anti-Anpo(Security Treaty),nation reformation,and supporting violence’,the nature of which was the return of the idea of pre-war Uyoku.Moreover,they inherited the drawbacks of pre-war right-wing.Accordingly,they rapidly went into internal division.In the 1970s,one branch of New Uyoku mainly supported by followers of SeichoNo-Ie completed the adaption to the post-war democratic system through the operation-route transformation from violence preference to legalisation.Nihon Seinen Kyogikai,Nihon wo Mamoru Kai and Nihon wo Mamoru Kokumin Kaigi were core organisations of driving the transformation.In 1997,on the basis of these three organisations,Nippon Kaigi as comprehensive right-wing organisation was formally established,which symbolised the formation of nationwide grand-coalition of conservative movement in post-war Japan.Identified by itself as‘Kokumin(Citizen)Movement’group,Nippon Kaigi possessed powerful influence in all sectors of the Japanese society and was an important force which drived the conservative rightward tendency of the whole Japanese society.The rise of Nippon Kaigi represented the new direction of the mainstream of post-war Japan’s Uyoku.Under the surface of Kokumin Movement it lurked the crisis of reappearance of pre-war‘Kokumin Uyokuka’during the post-war period.