新中国乡村地区选用民办教师的发展历程及省思——基于教师口述史的研究

The Development and Reflection on the Selection of Voluntary Teacher in Rural Areas of the People’s Republic of China: A Study Based on Teacher Oral History

新中国成立后,乡村地区通过选用民办教师解决了普及教育过程中出现的师资紧缺问题。通过对口述史料与档案、报刊、方志等文献史料中反映的选用民办教师的历史进行分析,可以发现受基础教育管理体制变革和社会环境的影响,民办教师选用权的变迁过程可分为相对集中、逐步下放和集中统一三个阶段。选用民办教师的主体在县、乡教育行政部门和生产(大)队之间几经流转;选用标准也因应变化,从关注候选人的文化知识水平到综合考量政治因素、学识才能和社会关系等要素,再到以文化课考试成绩作为主要依据。在当前大力实施乡村振兴战略的背景下,推动乡村教育健康发展,应全面实施教师县管制度、开展省属公费师范生“县来县去”试点、确立教师待遇相对优厚原则。

Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, rural areas have been solving the shortage of teachers in the process of popularizing education by hiring voluntary teachers. This article aims to use oral historical materials, archives, newspapers and local chronicles to analyze the history of voluntary teachers. The analysis shows that influenced by the reform of the management system of basic education and social environment, the transformation of the selection right of voluntary teachers can be divided into three stages: relative centralization, gradual decentralization and centralized unification. The selectors have changed between educational administrative departments of counties and villages and production teams. The criteria have also changed, from cultural knowledge level to political factors, academic talent and social relations, and finally to test scores. Against the current background of the vigorous implementation of rural revitalization strategy, to promote the healthy development of rural education, the county management system for teachers should be fully implemented, the “from the county, to the county” pilot for provincial-government-funded normal school students should be conducted, and the principle of relatively favorable treatment for teachers should be established.