从“通专之变”看“通专之辩”——以近代北大、清华历史学科的培养模式为考察核心

Contemplating the Debate on General Education and Specialized Education Through Their Transformation:Taking the Training Model of the History Discipline of Peking University and Tsinghua University in Modern Times as the Core

通才教育与专才教育两种教育模式之间的比较与竞逐,是中国高等教育史的重要线索之一。近代以来,北大和清华两校的历史学科曾分别进行培养模式改革。无论是北大历史学科“由通入专”,还是清华历史学科“出专入通”,均取得了显著成效。在当时,两校的改革既受到学科发展规律等微观因素的影响,也受到国家需要等宏观因素的制约。北大和清华历史学科培养模式变迁的教育史个案表明,在不同的时空场域、大学文化和学科发展背景下,通才教育与专才教育各有所长,需辩证地认识二者之间的关系,构建连续、统一的高等教育史叙事。

The comparison and competition between general education and specialized education is one of the important clues in the history of Chinese higher education. Since modern times, the history discipline of Peking University and Tsinghua University have carried out training model reform. Peking University transformed from general to specialized education while Tsinghua from specialized to general education and both had remarkable achievements. The reform was influenced by micro-factors such as the law of disciplinary development and restricted by macro-factors such as national needs.The educational history case of the transformation in the training model of the history discipline of Peking University and Tsinghua University shows that under different circumstance of time and space,university culture and disciplinary development, general education and specialized education have their own strengths, and it is necessary to dialectically understand their relationship and build a continuous and unified narrative of higher educational history.