秸秆及生物炭部分替代化肥对温室连作黄瓜生长与土壤性质的影响

Effects of Straw Biochar Partially Replacing Chemical Fertilizer on Growth of Continuous Cropping Cucumber and Soil Properties in Greenhouse

为明确施用秸秆生物炭对温室连作黄瓜植株生长、产量,以及土壤性质的影响,采用大田试验方法,在连作4年温室黄瓜栽培的基肥运筹中用秸秆生物炭、秸秆粉、普通有机肥替代20%化肥(氮磷钾为15-15-15的复合肥),分析黄瓜植株和土壤响应特征。结果表明,与单施化肥相比,基肥中生物炭替代20%化肥处理(T_(4))提高黄瓜幼苗成活率11.5%,同时该处理下黄瓜表现出良好的植株性状,且产量较其他处理高。与不施肥处理相比,施用秸秆粉和秸秆生物炭显著提高黄瓜果实的可溶性固态物含量,显著降低硝酸盐含量,秸秆生物炭(T_(4))对黄瓜品质提升效果优于普通有机肥。单施化肥(CK)能显著提高土壤全氮、硝态氮含量,同时降低土壤铵态氮含量。秸秆粉(T_(3))与秸秆生物炭(T_(4))部分替代化肥能够提高连作土壤保水性,改善土壤物理结构,降低土壤EC值。施用生物炭(T_(4))能在一定程度上缓解土壤酸化作用,降低土壤全氮、铵态氮以及硝态氮含量,显著提高连作黄瓜土壤总有机碳及可溶性有机碳含量。施用普通有机肥显著提升土壤微生物氮含量,而施用有机物料均能明显提高土壤微生物碳氮比。综上所述,基肥运筹中秸秆生物炭替代20%化肥能够不同程度改善连作土壤性状,提升黄瓜果实产量与品质,可作为解决温室黄瓜土壤障碍问题的技术措施。

In order to clarify the characteristics of the effect of straw biochar application on the growth,yield and soil properties of continuous-cropping cucumber in greenhouse,using straw biochar,straw powder and ordinary organic fertilizer to replace 20%of chemical fertilizers in the fertilization of greenhouse cucumber cultivation for 4 consecutive years,and analyze the response characteristics of cucumber plants and soil.The results showed that compared with the single application of chemical fertilizer,the treatment of biochar replacing 20%chemical fertilizer in the base fertilizer(T_(4))increased the survival rate of cucumber seedlings by 11.5%.At the same time,the cucumber under this treatment showed good plant traits,and the yield was higher than other treatments.Compared with no fertilization treatment,the application of straw powder and straw biochar significantly increased the soluble solid content of cucumber fruit and significantly reduced the nitrate content,and straw biochar(T_(4))had better effect on improving cucumber quality than other treatments.Single application of chemical fertilizer(CK)could significantly increase soil total nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen content,while reduce soil ammonium nitrogen content.The partial substitution of chemical fertilizers by straw powder(T_(3))and straw biochar(T_(4))could improve the water retention of continuous cropping soil,improve soil physical structure,and reduce soil EC value.Application of biochar(T_(4))could alleviate soil acidification to a certain extent,reduce soil total nitrogen,ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen content,and significantly increase soil total organic carbon and soluble organic carbon content of continuous cropping cucumber.The application of ordinary organic fertilizers significantly increased the soil microbial nitrogen content,while the application of organic materials could significantly increase the soil microbial carbon to nitrogen ratio.In summary,the replacement of 20%chemical fertilizer with straw biochar in the operation and planning of basal fertilizer could improve the soil properties of continuous cropping to varying degrees,improve the yield and quality of cucumber fruit,and could be used as a technical measure to solve the problem of soil obstacles in greenhouse cucumbers.