俄罗斯文学研究的国际政治学:西方斯拉夫学视野下的俄国大众文学

International Politics in the Study of Russian Literature:Russian Popular Literature from the Perspective of Western Slavic Studies

彼得一世所开启的现代化进程,同时推动了城市化和世俗化在俄罗斯帝国的展开,从而促成大众文学在俄国产生和发展。帝俄和苏联引进西欧文学艺术的目的是要培养居民的高雅审美趣味、对国家的认同,因此有意识地设计审查制度、文学艺术经典化机制和文学批评观念等,把文学艺术划分高级与低级,以排斥西欧的通俗文学。这样一来,即便俄国城市化过程三百年来大众文学是一种规模庞大的事实,也没有得到俄国和欧美主流学界的重视。但如同俄国每个时代总有批评家关注到这一文学现象那样,西方斯拉夫学自冷战时代伊始,便正视大众文学在俄国存在之事实,并按欧洲传统人文学术范式,把大众文学视为民主表达方式,对俄罗斯大众文学进行了不同于俄国的论述,如发现了苏俄科幻小说的独特性,发掘了俄罗斯侦探小说等。

The modernization process initiated by Peter I also promoted urbanization and secularization in the Russian Empire,thus contributing to the emergence and development of popular literature in Russia.The purpose of the introduction of Western European literature and art by Russian Empire and the Soviet Union was to cultivate the residents’ elegant aesthetic taste and national identity.Therefore,the government consciously designed the censorship system,the mechanism of literary and artistic canonization and the concept of literary criticism,and divided literature and art into high and low levels to exclude popular literature in Western Europe.In this way,even though the popular literature in the three hundred years of Russian urbanization has been a huge fact,it has not received the attention of the mainstream academic circles in Russia,Europe and the United States.However,just as critics in every era of Russia always pay attention to this literary phenomenon,since the beginning of the cold war era,Western Slavic studies have faced up to the fact that popular literature exists in Russia,and,according to the traditional European humanistic academic paradigm,regarded popular literature as a democratic expression,and discussed Russian popular literature differently from Russia.For example,it discovered the uniqueness of Soviet science fiction and Russian detective stories.