日本对非政府发展援助研究——基于对华制衡视角

Japanese Official Development Assistance in Africa:From the Perspective of Counterbalance Strategy towards China

过去十余年,日本在自身经济增长停滞的同时,却持续强化对撒哈拉以南非洲的政府发展援助。日本对非政府发展援助的战略目标十分明确,旨在增强日本在撒哈拉以南非洲地区的竞争力、缓解因国际环境和域内结构实力变化带来的压力。日本以经济援助为手段巩固和扩展本国在第三世界的影响力,实现制衡中国在非洲影响力快速提升的效果。日本构建了复合型的对华制衡援助战略,即政治外交为根基、经济合作为主体、安全保障为创新突破。通过比较日本援助蒙巴萨港对抗中国援建蒙内铁路的案例,能够看到日本对中国援非项目采取的“竞争”策略,以及两国在援非问题上存在“合作”的可能性。日本对非政府发展援助采取对华制衡策略主要基于三点考量,即日本需考虑本国利益与对非发展援助的战略契合,兼顾大国间博弈,以及权衡对华竞争还是合作。

Over the past decade,Japan has continued to intensify official development assistance(ODA)to sub-Saharan Africa while its economic growth has stagnated.Japan’s strategic goals are clear.They aim to enhance Japan’s competitiveness in sub-Saharan Africa and ease the pressure brought about by the changing international environment and structural strength within the region.Therefore,Japan consolidates and expands its influence in the third world through ODA,and counterbalances China’s rapidly increasing influence in Africa.Japan has built a compound ODA counterbalance strategy with China,meaning that political diplomacy is the foundation of the ODA counterbalance strategy,economic cooperation is the main body of the ODA counterbalance strategy,and security guarantee is the innovative breakthrough of the ODA counterbalance strategy.By comparing the case of Japan’s ODA to Mombasa Port against China’s foreign aid in the construction of the Mombasa-Nairobi Railway,we can analyze the"competition"strategy adopted by Japan to China’s aid projects in Africa,and the possibility of"competition and cooperation"between the two countries in the issue of aid to Africa.There are three main reasons for Japan to check and balance China through ODA in Africa.That is,Japan needs to consider the strategic compatibility between its own interests and ODA to Africa,as well as the game between major powers and competition or cooperation with China.