全球化的时机与福利供给:基于中国东莞与昆山的比较分析

The Timing of Globalization and Welfare Provision:A Comparative Analysis Based on Dong Guan and Kun Shan

在一个国家内部,为什么不同的地方在全球化与福利供给之间的关系上呈现截然不同的情况?现有研究主要是从“福利需求”的角度进行回答,鲜有从“福利供给”的角度解释政府为什么以及如何回应社会的福利需求。本文认为,解释福利供给模式需要关注制度的历史维度。具体来说,地方融入全球化的时机是福利供给模式的一个重要影响因素。东莞的全球化道路始于20世纪70年代末,在当时风险型的政治机遇空间中,地方政府官员内部难以形成关于对外开放的共识,从而使基层政治与地方社会精英成为全球化的主要推手,并形成庇护主义的政商联盟,最终塑造了东莞地区效率型的福利供给模式。与之形成对比的是,昆山对全球化的融入始于20世纪90年代初,得益于当时友好的政治机遇空间,地方政府内部形成了关于对外开放的共识,在这一共识下,地方政府成为推动全球化的主体,与外资形成合作主义的政商联盟,最终形塑了当地补偿型的福利供给模式。

Why,within a country,do different places have so different situations in terms of the relationship between globalization and welfare provision?Existing researches address this issue mainly from the perspective of“welfare needs”,and rarely explains why and how governments respond to society’s welfare needs from the perspective of“welfare provision”.This paper argues that,to explain the welfare provision system,it is necessary to pay attention to its historical dimension.Specifically,the timing of local integration into globalization is an important factor influencing welfare delivery patterns.Dongguan’s globalization process began at the end of the 1970s.In the volatile political climate at that time,it was difficult for local government officials to form a consensus on an opening-up policy,which left the space for grassroots politicians and local social elites to form a patronic political and business alliance to push for globalization.This finally shaped the efficiency oriented welfare provision model in Dongguan.By contrast,Kunshan’s integration into globalization began in the early 1990s.Thanks to the favourable political climate at that time,the Kunshan government comfortably formed a consensus on opening up to the outside world.Under this consensus,the local government became the main driver of globalization.It formed a cooperative political and business alliance with foreign capital,and finally created a compensation-oriented welfare provision model.