蒙特勒会议和《洛桑海峡公约》的修订

Montreux Conference and Revision of Lausanne Strait Convention

土耳其海峡沟通黑海和地中海,地缘政治地位十分重要。在20世纪30年代,欧洲单边主义盛行,土耳其担心洛桑会议确定的“海峡非军事化”无法满足其安全需要,遂提出修约建议。1936年蒙特勒会议举行,其间与会国就土耳其海峡性质、非黑海国家军舰进入黑海的规模、土耳其执行公约时的角色等问题展开激烈争论,但最终达成妥协。根据会议结果,土耳其收复海峡主权,获准在海峡地区布防,而且在交战和受到战争威胁时均可自行决定军舰的通行;苏联的安全关切获得承认,非黑海国家军舰驶入黑海受到严格的限制;英国虽作出重大让步,但可通过改善与土耳其的关系巩固在地中海的地位。《蒙特勒海峡公约》是海峡主权国、黑海国家和海权大国之间博弈的产物,其本身具有稳定性。对未来海峡问题的判断,需重新评估三者之间的权力关系。

Turkey asked to revise the Lausanne Strait Convention advocating the demilitarization of the Turkey Straits. It was through the 1936 Montreux Conference that Turkey resumed exercise of sovereignty over the Straits, the Soviet Union’s security concern was recognized, warships of non-Black Sea countries were strictly restricted to entering the Straits, and Britain made huge concessions in exchange for reinforced status in the Mediterranean. The revised treaty epitomized the game involving the state claiming sovereignty over the Straits, Black Sea countries and a sea power.