论偶然防卫的法律性质

On the Legal Nature of Occasional Defense

偶然防卫是行为人在没有防卫意思的情况下,实施了侵害他人的行为,偶然碰巧地防卫了自己或第三人法益的情形。对于偶然防卫之法律性质,中外学界从行为无价值与结果无价值的论争中,形成了有罪说、正当行为说、具体分析说等代表性观点。然而,对偶然防卫还应结合犯罪判断的逻辑过程和错误论角度予以分析。虽然犯罪的判断存在阶层或者先后的逻辑顺序,但不能因此否定犯罪认定是一个整体性的活动,从最终结果看,偶然防卫的侵害结果被防卫效果抵消而导致不存在结果无价值,应否定行为的犯罪性;从错误论的角度看,偶然防卫属于正当化事由前提事实错误,其原则上阻却故意,但因为其被防卫效果抵消的侵害行为完全不具有结果无价值,应当作无罪处理。

Occasional defense is the situation in which the doer enforces the act of infringing upon others in the absence of defensive meaning,and he/she happens to defend his/her or the third party's legal interest.As for the legal nature of occasional defense,Chinese and foreign scholars have formed a representative view of guilt,justifiable behavior,and specific analysis in the debate between the act without value and the consequence without value.However,occasional defense should be analyzed in combination with the logic process and error theory of criminal judgment.Criminal judgment has logical order of class or priority,but we can t deny that criminal confirmation is an overall activity.Seen from the final result,the infringing result of occasional defense is offset by the defensive effect,which leads to inexistence of consequence without value.So the criminality of act should be denied.From the point of view of the error theory,occasional defense belongs to factual errors of justifiable reason premise.In principle it hinders the intention,but it should be innocent because the infringing act that is offset by defensive effect has no consequence without value.