极端环境下超级电容器聚合物电解质的研究进展

Recent progress of polymer electrolytes for supercapacitors under extreme environments

超级电容器具有高功率密度、快充放电速率和长循环寿命等优点而备受关注。近年来,随着科学技术的发展,超级电容器的应用场景不断拓宽,超级电容器从可再生能源大规模发电并网、轨道交通等常规领域向着新一代精密电子设备和高精尖军用武器装备等极端工况领域发展。然而,高/低温、高拉伸/压缩等极端工况对超级电容器结构和组成提出了新的挑战和要求。其中,电解质是影响超级电容器的性能、寿命和安全的关键组成之一。聚合物电解质由于具有质量轻、机械稳定性强、柔韧性和安全性高及界面接触良好等特点,为设计构筑新一代高安全性和高柔韧性超级电容器提供了新的可能。本文介绍超级电容器的分类、组成及特点,从高/低温、高拉伸/压缩、高/低湿度角度,重点梳理了极端环境下超级电容器聚合物电解质的研究进展。最后,分析和讨论了超级电容器碳电极及聚合物电解质在极端条件下所面临的挑战和未来的发展方向,为高性能超级电容器的设计和构筑提供可借鉴的新思路。

Supercapacitors(SCs)have attracted considerable attention owing to their high power density,fast charge-discharge rate and long cycle life.Recently,with the development of science and technology,the applications of SCs have expanded beyond conventional fields,such as large-scale renewable power generation and distribution and rail transportation,to a new generation of precision electronic devices,high-precision military weapons and equipment,and other fields involving extreme working conditions.The extreme working conditions such as extremely high/low temperatures and high tension/compression have posed new challenges and requirements for the structure and composition of SCs.Among them,the electrolyte is a key component that affects the performance,life,and safety of the SCs.Polymer electrolytes with light weight,strong mechanical stability,high flexibility and safety,and good interfacial contact are ideal candidates for fabricating safe and flexible SCs.This article first introduces the classification,composition,and characteristics of SCs.Then,the research progresses of polymer electrolytes for SCs in extreme environments are reviewed in terms of the impact of high/low temperature,high tensile/compression,and high/low humidity.Finally,the key issues faced in the development of carbon electrodes and polymer electrolytes for SCs under extreme conditions and the future directions of development are analyzed and discussed,which may provide a new impetus to the development and practical application of the SCs.