清华简所见先秦《诗》文本的史学特质

The Historical Characteristic of the Book of Songs in the Pre-Qin Period as Seen in Tsinghua Bamboo Slips

综合传世与出土文献来看,先秦《诗》文本的显著特色在“史”。据《周礼》等传世文献所载,先秦之《诗》是由史官执掌与流传的,故具有史学特质。而从清华简“诗”类文献来看,先秦之《诗》亦具有史学特质,并体现在史料价值、史诗精神、史政意蕴三方面。此外,清华简“诗”类文献还表明,战国时期楚地流传着一种“诗史合流”的《诗》文本,其特点是“依史作诗”“以诗志史”。依此而知,王国维将春秋以降的《诗》分为“诗家之诗”与“乐家之诗”两系,基本合理,但可能并不全面。实际上,先秦传《诗》系统还应包含“史家之诗”,而“史家之诗”便是“诗史合流”之《诗》。

Viewing from the handed down and unearthed literature,the prominent feature of the Book of Songs in the pre-Qin period lies in its“historical idiosyncrasy”.According to the Rituals of Zhou and other handed down documents,the Book of Songs in the pre-Qin period was held and circulated by official historians,so it is imbued with historical characteristic.Viewing from the“poetry”literature of Tsinghua Bamboo Slips,the Book of Songs of the pre-Qin period also has the characteristic of history,which is reflected in its value as historical materials,its epic spirit,and its historical and political implications.In addition,it is showed in the“poetry”literature of Tsinghua Bamboo Slips that there was a“poetry and history combined”text version of the Book of Songs circulating in the land of Chu during the Warring States period,which was characterized by“writing poetry based on history”and“writing history based on poetry”.On this account,Wang Guowei divided the Book of Songs since the Spring and Autumn period into“poems of poets”and“poems of musicians”,which is basically reasonable,but may not be comprehensive.In fact,the system of the Book of Songs handed down from the pre-Qin period should also include“poems of historians”,and the“poems of historians”are the“poetry and history combined”version of the Book of Songs.