西周春秋周王级庙制研究

Research on the Royal Ancestral Temple System of Western Zhou and the Spring and Autumn Period

从西周春秋时期的古文献、金文资料以及考古发掘的天子诸侯宗庙遗址来看,西周春秋时天子诸侯代代更替的近亲三庙是父考庙、祖父庙、曾祖父庙。周天子实行七庙制,是在近亲三庙制之上加上周文武王“周庙”以及高祖上帝、后稷庙。西周春秋时期鲁国经周王朝特许,实行七庙制,是在近亲三庙制加上太庙周公庙、世祖伯禽庙以及郊祭上帝、后稷等四庙。云塘、齐镇西周建筑遗址应是西周后期修建起来的西周两座王室宗庙群,齐镇宗庙群是西周王室近亲曾祖父、祖父、父考三座宗庙,云塘宗庙群可能是王室重臣一座近亲三庙,这为周代近亲三庙制提供了考古学证据。

According to the ancient documents and the bronze inscriptions of Western Zhou and the Spring and Autumn period,as well as the ruins of ancestral temples of emperors and princes discovered through archaeological excavation,the three kinds of temples of close relatives in Western Zhou and the Spring and Autumn period were respectively the Temple of Father Kao,the Temple of Grandfather,and the Temple of Great Grandfather.Kings of Zhou implemented the seven-temple system,which added the“Zhou Temple”of King Wen and King Wu,the Temple of Gaozu Diku,and the Temple of Houji to the three-temple system for close relatives.During Western Zhou and the Spring and Autumn period,the State of Lu was authorized by the Zhou dynasty to implement the seven-temple system.In this case,the four temples,including the Temple of Tai(namely,the Temple of Zhougong),the Temple of Shizu Boqin,the Temple of Jiaoji Shangdi and the Temple of Houji,were added to the three-temple system for close relatives.The architectural sites of Yuntang and Qizhen of Western Zhou should be the two royal ancestral temple complexes of Western Zhou built in the late Western Zhou Dynasty.The ancestral temple complex of Qizhen inclucles the three temples of the royol familys close relatives of Western Zhou,the Temple of Great Grandfather,the Temple of Grandfather and the Temple of Father Kao,while the ancestral temple complex of Yantang may be a temple of a high-ranking official’s close relative,which provides archaeological evidence for the three-temple system for close relatives in the Zhou dynasty.