社会支持视角下丧偶老年人生命质量的影响因素研究

Studying on the Quality of Life of the Widowed Elderly and Its Influencing Factors from the Perspective of Social Support

目的:了解不同婚姻状况及居住安排的老年人的生命质量和社会支持情况,探索影响丧偶老年人生命质量的社会支持因素,为改善老年人生命质量提供社会支持策略参考。方法:采用整群随机抽样,对东莞市6个社区60周岁及以上老年人进行问卷调查。测量内容包括个人基本情况、社会支持和生命质量。采用老年人社会支持评价量表和简明健康调查问卷(SF-36)评价社会支持和生命质量。χ^(2)检验、t检验及方差分析用于差异比较分析,多重线性回归分析用于影响因素分析。结果:共回收1130份有效问卷(95.50%),平均年龄(78.85±9.04)岁,女性占72.20%,小学及以下文化程度占86.70%,非丧偶非独居老年人占49.82%,丧偶且独居的占33.72%,丧偶非独居的占10.62%,非丧偶独居的占5.84%。丧偶独居老年人的生理健康均分最低(P<0.05),丧偶老年人对正式社会支持的寻求更加主动,非正式社会支持也相对更好。多因素分析显示社区活动参与情况(β=7.17,P<0.05)、朋友支持(β=6.93,P<0.05)、其他支持(β=-4.55,P<0.05)是丧偶老年人生理健康的重要影响因素。居住社区能提供的支持或帮助种类的数量(β=1.85,P<0.05)、社区活动参与效果(β=-3.43,P<0.05)、其他支持(β=4.99,P<0.05)是丧偶老年人心理健康的重要影响因素。结论:相对于非丧偶老年人,丧偶老年人的生命质量水平较低,社会支持对丧偶老年人的生命质量有显著影响,社区活动和促进老年人同辈交往是提升丧偶老年人生命质量的有效手段。

Objective To understand the current situation of life quality and social support of the elderly with different marital status and living conditions,explore the social support factors influencing the quality of life among the widowed elderly,and provide reference for the strategies of social support to improve the quality of life of the elderly.Methods The elderly aged over 60 years were chosen from 6 communities in Dongguan City with cluster random sampling method,and surveyed with the Social Support Appraisals Scale for the older people and Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36-Item Health Survey.Univariate Chi-Square test and multiple linear regression analysis were performed to data analyzing.Results A total of 1130 valid questionnaires were retrieved.The sampled elderly had an average age of(78.85±9.04),mainly were female(72.20%)and had education background of elementary school and below(86.70%).Among them,49.82%were non-widowed and non-living-alone,while the rate of widowed and living-alone,widowed and non-living-alone and non-widowed but living-alone was 33.72%,10.62%and 5.84%,respectively.The mean score of physiological health of the widowed and living-alone elderly was the lowest.But the widowed elderly were more proactive in seeking formal social support,and informal social support was also relatively better.The result of multiple analysis showed that participation in community activities(β=7.17,P<0.05),friends’support(β=6.93,P<0.05)and others support(β=-4.55,P<0.05)were the important factors to influence the physical health of the widowed elderly,while the number of types of support or help provided by the residential community(β=1.85,P<0.05),community activity participation effect(β=-3.43,P<0.05)and others support(β=4.99,P<0.05)were the important factors to influence the mental health of the widowed elderly.Conclusion Compared with the non-widowed elderly,the widowed elderly had lower quality of life.Social support has a significant impact on the quality of life of the widowed elderly.And community activities and the promotion of peer communication are effective means to improve the quality of life of the widowed elderly.