湖北省某地区18家采石场粉尘暴露致尘肺的职业健康风险评估

Occupational health risk assessment of pneumoconiosis caused by dust exposure at 18 quarries in a given area of Hubei Province

目的 评估湖北省某地区采石场粉尘暴露致尘肺的职业健康风险水平。方法 于2021年4—10月,在湖北省采石场集中的地区选取18家采石场企业开展现场职业卫生调查,以及粉尘暴露作业岗位现场检测。18家采石场共384名工人,293名工人接触粉尘。采用改良的国际采矿和金属委员会风险评级表法(ICMM风险评级表法),以及职业危害风险指数法职业健康风险评估模型(INDEX法),从总粉尘和呼吸性粉尘两方面分析粉尘暴露致尘肺的职业健康风险水平。同时采用二次加权Kappa检验分析两种方法的一致性。结果 各企业工人粉尘暴露率中位数为73.22%,尤以小型、井下、重晶石企业工人的粉尘暴露率较高(中位数均为100.00%)。各评估指标中位数范围分别为:日接尘时间6~8小时,个体防护佩戴率0~24.00%,粉尘游离二氧化硅含量1.69%~35.30%,总粉尘和呼吸性粉尘8小时时间加权平均接触浓度分别为0.56~3.70 mg/m^(3)和0.33~1.20 mg/m^(3)。职业健康风险评估结果显示,采石场总体,以及不同生产规模和不同开采方式的企业整体职业健康风险等级均为低风险;不同岗位中,风钻工职业健康风险水平较高,掘进工为中等风险,其余岗位则为低或极低风险。两种评估方法在总粉尘方面具有较强一致性[Kappa为0.65(95%CI 0.57~0.73)],而在呼吸性粉尘方面则具有一般一致性[Kappa为0.51(95%CI 0.39~0.62)]。结论 该地区采石场粉尘暴露致尘肺的整体职业健康风险等级为低风险,但风钻工和掘进工岗位风险水平较高。

OBJECTIVE To explore the occupational health risk level of pneumoconiosis caused by dust exposure in a given area of Hubei province.METHODSFrom April 2021 to October 2021, 18 quarries were randomly selected in the areas where quarries were concentrated in Hubei Province to conduct on-site hygiene investigation and detection. A total of 384 workers were employed in the above quarries, and 293 workers were exposed to dust. The International Mining and Metals Commission’s risk rating table method and occupational hazard risk index method were used to analyze the occupational health risk level from total and respirable dust views, respectively. Meanwhile, the square weighted Kappa test was performed to analyze the consistency between two risk assessment method.RESULTS The median dust exposure rate of workers in the above18 enterprises was 73.22%, small, underground mining, and barite quarries had relatively higher dust exposure rates(all median were 100.00%). The medians of daily dust exposure time, personal protective equipment wearing rate, free silica content of dust, 8-hour time weighted average exposure concentration of total dust and respirable dust in each assessment indicator were 6-8 hours, 0%-24.00%, 1.69%-35.30%, 0.56-3.70 mg/m^(3), and 0.33-1.20 mg/m^(3), respectively. Occupational health risk assessment result showed the overall occupational health risk levels of quarries, as well as different production scales and mining method, were all low. Among different positions, wind driller and tunneling worker had high and medium occupational health risk, respectively, and the rest of the positions had low or very low risk. International Council on Mining and Mentals(ICMM) risk rating table method and the INDEX method consistency analyses showed that these two risk assessment method had strong consistency in terms of total dust(Kappa value was 0.65(95%CI 0.57-0.73)), and general consistency in term of respirable dust(Kappa value was 0.51(95%CI 0.39-0.62)).CONCLUSION The overall occupational health risk level of pneumoconiosis caused by dust exposure in quarries was low, but risk levels were higher for wind driller and tunneling worker.