资源利用与灾害应对:陕甘宁边区人与野生动物的关系

Resource Utilization and Disaster Response: The Relationship between Human and Wild Animal in Shaan-Gan-Ning Border Region

陕甘宁边区境内有各种野生动物生存其间,野生动物被视为调剂生活、增加收入的重要资源,边区军民通过“打山”获取野生动物。自20世纪40年代开始,野生动物频繁进入农耕区咬死、咬伤人畜,啃食庄稼,边区政府和民众依靠除害运动加以应对。陕甘宁边区时期人与野生动物关系的持续紧张状态,是当时人与自然竞争、斗争结果的外化表现,是在战争环境下人类面对严重生存危机的背景下发生的,具有特殊的时空尺度特性。打山和除害运动一方面造成一些大型兽类减退,生物多样性降低;另一方面又使得人畜生命和农业生产得到保障,一定程度上也破除了迷信,提高了政府威望。探索不同时期人对自然认识、利用和改造以实现其价值的史实,让自然走进历史,并为保障自然完整、和谐、美丽贡献历史殷鉴,应是当代环境历史研究者的职责。

There were many wild animals in the Shaan-Gan-Ning Border Region(1937—1950)and were regarded as an important resource to improve life and increase income. Soldiers and local residents obtained these wild animals by hunting. Since the 1940s, some wild animals had frequently entered the agricultural areas to bite person,livestockand eat crops. Response to it, the government and residents had to take the movements of eliminating harmful animals. Therefore, the relationship between local residents and wild animalswas tense from 1937 to 1949, which was the outward manifestation of competition and struggle results between human and nature. It occurred under the background of serious survival crisis faced by humankind in the war environment. Moreover, this tensionhad special characteristics in the spatial and temporal scale.Hunting and elimination had brought both ecological consequences and social benefits. On the one hand, it caused the decline of some large mammals and the decrease of biodiversity. On the other hand, it protected human and livestock life as well as agricultural production with getting rid of superstition and improving the prestige of the government.