家庭背景、学校教师质量如何影响学生学科素养?——基于PISA 2018的实证分析

How Does the Family Background and the Quality of School Teachers Affect Students’Subject Literacy?——An Empirical Analysis Based on PISA 2018

学科核心素养是世界各国教育基础教育质量提升的重要抓手,探讨家庭背景和教师质量对学生学科素养生成的基本逻辑,有助于揭示家庭和学校如何进行干预,从而全面提升学生各科学科素养。基于PISA 2018学校和学生样本数据分析发现,家庭社会资本、家庭文化资本会不同程度影响学生学科素养,并存在学科异质性和学生水平的差异性;家庭背景对学生学科素养的提升存在门槛效应;家庭背景对学生学科素养的形成遵循边际效益递减的原则;教师质量比家庭背景能更有效地促进学生学科素养提升;提升学校教师学历、保障教师数量和质量供给充裕均能有效促进学生学科素养,且提升教师质量对家庭背景劣势学生的边际效益更高。因此,建议家长需要加强自身的家庭教育能力建设,从“参与”走向“会参与”,区县教育行政部门需要继续实施高学历教师流动计划,引导高质量教师向办学条件相对薄弱学校柔性流动,国家需要大力实施教师学历提升工程,前瞻性地制定高质量教师的均衡供给政策。

Subject core literacy is an important starting point for improving the quality of basic education in the world.Exploring the basic logic of family background and teacher quality on the generation of students’subject literacy is helpful to reveal how families and schools intervene,so as to comprehensively improve students’subject literacy in all subjects.Based on the analysis of PISA 2018 school and student sample data,it is found that family social capital and family cultural capital will affect students’subject literacy to varying degrees,and there are differences in subject heterogeneity and student level;The family background has a threshold effect on the improvement of students’subject quality;The family background follows the principle of diminishing marginal benefit to the formation of students’subject quality;The quality of teachers can promote students’subject accomplishment more effectively than their family background;Improving school teachers’qualifications,ensuring sufficient supply of teachers in quantity and quality can effectively promote students’subject literacy,and improving teachers’quality has higher marginal benefit for students with inferior family background.Therefore,it is suggested that parents need to strengthen their own family education capacity building,move from“Be able to participate”to“Know how to get involved better”,district and county education administrative departments need to continue to implement the mobility plan for highly educated teachers,guide high-quality teachers to flow flexibly to schools with relatively weak school running conditions,and the country needs to vigorously implement the teacher education improvement project,and proactively formulate a balanced supply policy for high-quality teachers.