气候变化与生物多样性之间的复杂关系和反馈机制

Complex relationships and feedback mechanisms between climate change and biodiversity

气候变化与生物多样性丧失是人类社会正在经历的两大变化。气候变化影响生物多样性的方方面面,是导致生物多样性丧失的一个主要驱动因子;反过来,生物多样性丧失会加剧气候变化。因此,阻止甚至扭转气候变化和生物多样性丧失是当前人类社会亟需解决的全球性问题,但我们对气候变化与生物多样性之间的复杂关系和反馈机制尚缺乏清晰认识。本文总结了近年气候变化与生物多样性变化的研究进展,重点概述了不同组织层次、空间尺度和维度的生物多样性对气候变化的响应和反馈等相关领域的研究进展和存在的主要问题。结果发现多数研究关注气候变化对生物多样性的直接影响,涉及到生物多样性的不同组织层次、维度和营养级,但针对气候变化间接影响的研究仍然较少,机理研究同样需要加强;生物多样性对生态系统功能影响的环境依赖和尺度推演、生物多样性对生态系统多功能性的作用机理和量化方法是当前研究面临的挑战;生物多样性对生态系统响应气候变化的作用机制尚无统一的认识;生物多样性对气候变化的正、负反馈效应是国内外研究的盲点。最后,本文展望了未来发展方向和需要解决的关键科学问题,包括多因子气候变化对生物多样性的影响;减缓和适应气候变化的措施如何惠益于生物多样性保护;生物多样性与生态系统功能的理论如何应用到现实世界;生物多样性保护对实现碳中和目标的贡献。

Background and Aims:Climate change and biodiversity loss are two major changes that human society is experiencing.Climate change affects all aspects of biodiversity and is a major driver of biodiversity loss;in turn,biodiversity loss exacerbates climate change.Therefore,halting or even reversing climate change and biodiversity loss is a global issue that needs to be addressed by human society.However,we lack a clear understanding of the complex relationships and feedback mechanisms between climate change and biodiversity.Here,we summarize the research on climate and biodiversity change in the last decade by focusing on studies investigating the responses and feedback of biodiversity to climate change at different organizational levels,spatial scales,and diversity dimensions.Progress:Our results showed that most studies focus on the direct impacts of climate change on biodiversity,involving different organizational levels and dimensions and trophic levels of biodiversity.Studies on the indirect impacts of climate change were rare,and we suggested that mechanistic studies need to be strengthened.The mechanisms and quantification of the effects of biodiversity on ecosystem multifunctionality were challenges for current research.There was no consensus on how biodiversity contributes to ecosystem response to climate change;the positive and negative feedback effects of biodiversity in the context of climate change were a blind spot in domestic and international research.Prospects:The future direction and key scientific issues that need to be solved in the field of climate change and biodiversity change are numerous.We identify 4 main areas of future research:understanding(1)the impacts of multi-factor climate change on biodiversity,(2)how mitigation and adaptation measures to climate change can benefit biodiversity conservation,(3)how the theory of biodiversity and ecosystem function can be applied to the real-world ecosystems and(4)what is the contribution of biodiversity conservation to carbon neutrality goals.