论当代西方发达国家“过剩人口”的人权困境

On the Human Rights Predicament of the“Surplus Population”in Contemporary Western Developed Countries

当资本主义社会经历了从生产者社会到消费者社会、从物质性生产的主导到非物质性生产的崛起、从劳动密集型产业的主导到知识密集型产业的崛起(伴随着劳动密集型产业向第三世界国家的转移),西方发达国家“过剩人口”的产生与构成呈现新的历史特征。而资本家不仅拒绝为自己制造的问题买单,甚至以道德、法律等手段对这些不幸的受害者进行重重“围剿”:以工作伦理边缘化和污名化“过剩人口”,重创他们享有人权的道德基础;福利制度、刑事实践与工作伦理媾和,强化社会对“过剩人口”的冷漠与敌视,也让后者的人权处境愈发艰难,甚至被排除出承认和保障人权的法律范围。不过,被认为是“无用、多余且危险”的“过剩人口”,实际上又以被上述道德、法律排除在外的方式,纳入资本主义生产进程中,发挥着“无用之用”。“过剩人口”作为人的主体性就此被剥夺。

As capitalist society develops from a producer society to a consumer society,from the dominance of material production to the rise of immaterial production,and from the dominance of labor-intensive industries to the rise of knowledge-intensive industries(accompanied by the shift of labor-intensive industries to the Third World countries),the generation and composition of the“surplus population”in Western developed countries has demonstrated new historical characteristics.The capitalists not only refuse to solve the problems they have created but even“besiege”these unfortunate victims by moral and legal means.They marginalize and stigmatize the“surplus population”with work ethics to severely damage the moral foundation for them to enjoy human rights.They reach an agreement for the welfare system,criminal practice,and work ethic to reinforce social indifference and hostility towards the“surplus population”,pushing them into a more difficult human rights situation,even excluding them from the scope of legal recognition and protection of human rights.However,the“surplus population”,which is considered“useless,redundant and dangerous”,is included in the process of capitalist production in a way that is excluded by the above-mentioned morality and law,becoming the“utility of futility.”As a result,the subjectivity of the“surplus population”as human beings is deprived.