乡村旅游社区隐性冲突演变机理研究——基于社区居民的视角

The Evolution Mechanism of Implicit Conflict in Rural Tourism Communities:From the Perspective of Community Residents

作为旅游冲突的表现形式之一,隐性冲突是旅游冲突爆发的“警示器”,剖析其演变路径及背后引致因素十分必要。该文以江西省婺源县李坑村为例,通过深度访谈和扎根理论分析方法,从社区居民视角探究乡村旅游社区隐性冲突演变机理。研究发现:(1)婺源县李坑村旅游冲突事件时有发生,旅游隐性冲突循环反复。(2)旅游社区隐性冲突历经潜在对立、认知介入、冲突意向3个阶段,当前李坑村依旧处于旅游隐性冲突阶段。(3)在旅游社区隐性冲突模型中,制度规范偏差与脱嵌是导致旅游隐性冲突持续演变的重要外在刺激源;社区居民关系型信任感丧失是导致冲突不断演变升级的内在影响因素;社区居民结构脱嵌为促进社区内部变迁提供压力。研究在理论上揭示了旅游社区隐性冲突的演变逻辑及影响因素,有助于拓展深化旅游冲突的研究领域;在实践上为旅游社区的可持续发展提供了借鉴。

Tourism’s role in regional economic growth, industrial structural adjustment, and community reconstruction, especially in areas with underdeveloped economies and weak resources, has long been the focus of academic and industrial study. In recent years, rural tourism has been an important means of employment for Chinese farmers, leading to increased income and revitalizing the rural economy.However, because of the comprehensive penetration of tourism, disharmony between the internal cultural system of the tourism community and the overall economic environment has increased, and conflict within the tourism community is often reported. Many scholars are committed to elucidating the causes of conflict within the tourism community conflict via a universal interpretation model. This effort is complicated by the fact that the conflict events have multiple stages. What is the evolution of tourism conflict in the implicit stage? What causes rural tourism conflicts in different stages? There is no rational explanation for these two key problems. We conducted a field survey in Likeng village,Wuyuan county in January 2019 and June 2019, using both participation observation and semi-structured interviews. The survey focused on the development process of tourism conflict events in Likeng village and the villagers’ attitudes toward and understanding of these processes. A total of 30 people were interviewed, of whom 28 were engaged in tourism-related work in scenic areas, including rural homestay, and tourism specialty stores. The following results were obtained:(1) On the basis of our literature review, we define tourism implicit conflict as the process of interactive rejection or personal confrontation between the local residents and government, businesses, and other stakeholders in the tourism development industry. This includes, for example, complaints by local residents, discomfort caused by inappropriate tourism development and personal rivalries, and passive management by travel companies.(2) The implicit conflict of tourism is between dynamic evolution and progressive development,which has three stages: potential opposition, cognitive intervention, and conflict intention. The implicit conflict cycle in the tourism community of Likeng village is repeating and now the village is still in the stage of tourism implicit conflict.(3) This paper reveals the causes and evolution mechanism of tourism community implicit conflicts in different stages of development based on the theory of social capital.We found that institutional norm deviation and disembedding are important external stimuli leading to the continuous evolution of tourism implicit conflict. The loss of rural community residents’ relational trust is an internal factor leading to the upgrading of conflict. The disengaging of community residents’ structure puts pressure on rural communities to change internally. This paper puts forward the concept of, and expounds the evolution logic and underlying mechanism of, rural tourism implicit conflict. Our findings expand the existing research area of tourism community conflict, deepen the understanding of tourism conflict research, and promote the sustainable development of rural tourism destinations.