建构与协商:文化遗产与旅游的关系再认识

Construction and Negotiation:Reflections on Relationship between Cultural Heritage and Tourism

关于文化遗产与旅游关系的“二元结构论”和“融合交织论”无法充分解释文化遗产与旅游既冲突又融合的内在逻辑。文章基于批判遗产思潮和旅游展演视角,将文化遗产与旅游之间的关系放置在自上而下的权威话语实践与自下而上的旅游者展演互动中进行考察。分析结论认为,文化遗产是通过旅游进行国家与社会、个体关系协商的空间,旅游是通过文化遗产不断建构身份认同的过程,是自上而下的权威话语实践与自下而上的具身展演实践之间互动的文化政治过程,其平衡了文化遗产自上而下的强制性保护和社会发展自下而上的灵活性利用的矛盾,缓解了权威话语规定的遗产单一价值与社会公众的多元价值诉求之间的冲突。在国家推进遗产的系统性保护、创造性转化和创新性发展过程中,重新理解文化遗产与旅游的关系本质以及文化遗产旅游的意义,对推动文旅融合发展具有重要的理论与现实意义。

Mass tourism promotes the integration of cultural heritage into people ’ s daily life, while tourism is more deeply involved in the process of building cultural confidence based on cultural heritage. This puts forward new requirements for reflecting the relationship between cultural heritage and tourism. In this regard, neither a dualistic nor an integrative perspective can fully explain the conflicting yet syncretic relationship between cultural heritage and tourism, while studies on the integration mechanism of cultural heritage and tourism from the perspective of identity ignores the dynamic nature of identity and power competition.The critical heritage studies approach and performance approach in tourism studies highlights the relationship among meaning, identity, practice, and power, which provides new perspectives for deeper understanding of the relationship between cultural heritage and tourism. Critical heritage scholars believe that cultural heritage is a top-down process of power practice, and tourism is regarded as a bottom-up performance practice based on cultural identity from the perspective of performative paradigm. Therefore, drawing on critical heritage studies approach and performative paradigm of tourism research, this study investigates the relationship between cultural heritage and tourism in the interaction between the top-down authorized heritage discourse and the bottom-up tourists’ performance.Findings show that:(1) Tourism is a process of identity building via cultural heritage, and authorized heritage discourse leads tourists to accept the identity and social relationship carried by cultural heritage through tourism experience. Meanwhile, tourists transform and recreate this identity through diversified performances, making identity a dynamic process;(2) Cultural heritage is a negotiation space where state negotiates with society and individuals through tourism, and it balances the conflicts between top-down compulsory conservation and bottom-up spontaneous utilization of heritage. It also moderates the contradiction between mono-value interpreted by authorized discourse and multi-value appeal of tourists;(3) The dual structure of cultural heritage and tourism is due to the power game and conflict between individuals and groups caused by the top-down identity construction and regulation of heritage. The reason for an integrative relationship is that the multiple value of tourists promote the continuous negotiation and compromise with the monistic value of authorized heritage discourse, which alleviates the contradiction of heritage as a tool of identity regulation.This paper further argues that future research on cultural heritage tourism should go beyond the perspective of heritage resource conservation and utilization, focus on the wider role, function, and influence of cultural heritage tourism in contemporary society, and analyze how factors such as emotion, memory, identity can affect the interaction between cultural heritage and tourism from the perspective of social culture. At the same time, it is necessary to analyze the influence of tourists ’diverse performance practices on the production and dissemination of cultural heritage value.In the process of China ’ s promoting systematic conservation, creative transformation and innovative development of heritage, there is a need to reflect on the nature of the relationship between cultural heritage and tourism and the significance of cultural heritage tourism. This would help to analyze the multiple meanings and benefit distribution patterns in the process of cultural heritage tourism, and guide the reviving of cultural awareness and the building of cultural self-confidence through the development of cultural heritage tourism.