从“诗言志”到“赋诗言志”的文化逻辑和话语机制

From“Poetry Expressing Earnest Thought”to“Poetry Composition Expressing Earnest Thought”

《尚书·尧典》“诗言志,歌永言,声依永,律和声”所描述的是仪式中用乐的状况,“志”体现仪式自身的目的,有着某种相对固定的宗教意愿或感情。西周飨、燕礼为世俗待宾之礼。燕礼“无算乐”仪节使得“诗言志”有可能脱离仪式,成为个人的表达方式。春秋时期,飨礼和燕礼合并成一套礼仪,“飨在朝,燕至夜”;并且在一次飨燕礼后,还可能会出现再次单独举行燕礼的情况。燕礼出于娱宾的目的,略去了仪式的“正歌”部分,只保留了“无算乐”仪节。“赋诗言志”皆发生于燕礼中。“赋诗言志”因仪式传统而具有神秘话语的特点。为克服其中的隐晦性,出现了“断章取义”、“歌诗必类”以及当场解释的现象,削弱了“赋诗言志”的仪式性,推动了“引诗言志”这种世俗话语的兴盛。

In Book of History·The Canon of Yao,there are statements like“poetry is the expression of one’s earnest thought and singing is the prolonged utterance of that expression.The notes accompany that utterance,and they are harmonized themselves by the pitch pipes”.They describe the situation of music being used in the rituals.The“earnest thought”embodies the purpose of the ritual itself,and has a relatively fixed religious will or emotion.In the Western Zhou Dynasty,the Ceremony of Entertainments and the Ceremony of Feasts were the secular rituals for guests.The“no-count-music”ritual of the Ceremony of Feasts made it possible for the idea that“poetry is the expression of one’s earnest thought”to be separated from the ceremony and become a personal expression.During the Spring and Autumn period,the Ceremony of Entertainments and the Ceremony of Feasts were combined into one set of rituals,with“the Ceremony of Entertainments being held in the morning and the Ceremony of Feasts at night”,and after the Ceremony of Entertainments and the Ceremony of Feasts,there might be a separate Ceremony of Feasts again.For the purpose of entertaining the guests,the“main music”part of the Ceremony of Feasts was omitted,and only the“no-count-music”ritual was retained.The situation of“composing poems is to express one’s earnest thought”all took place in the Ceremony of Feasts.Because of the ritual tradition,“composing poems to express one’s earnest thought”has the characteristics of mysterious discourse.In order to overcome the obscurity,the phenomena like“interpreting the poem out of context”,the principle that“poems must be composed appropriately”and on-the-spot interpretation emerged,which weakened the ritualistic nature of“composing poems to express one’s earnest thought”and promoted the flourishing of the secular discourse of“quoting poems to express one’s earnest thought”.