从生产控制到土壤保护——罗斯福“新政”时期美国农业调整政策的演变及其影响

From Production Control to Soil Conservation:The Evolution and Impact of the Policy of American Agricultural Adjustment during the New Deal

罗斯福“新政”时期美国的农业调整政策与美国农业萧条空前严重、自由放任主义主导下反农业危机政策的失败,以及农业利益集团与农民斗争的大力推动都有密切关系。罗斯福“新政”时期的农业调整政策是以1933年的《农业调整法》及其相关修订立法为基础展开的。依据这些法律及其所确定的农业调整手段的不同,罗斯福“新政”时期的农业调整可以分为三个阶段。在第一阶段,生产控制成为农业调整的主要应急手段。在第二、第三阶段,土壤保护从农业调整的临时措施转变成常规手段。罗斯福“新政”时期的农业调整政策有效地缓解了美国的农业危机,开创了生态补贴的先例,对推动进步主义时期的资源保护运动走向战后环保运动起到了承上启下的作用。

During Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal,the policy of American agricultural adjustment was closely connected with the unprecedented grave agricultural depression,the failure of laissez-faire policy against farm crisis,and the push from the farming interest groups and strikes of farmers.The agricultural adjustment policy during the New Deal was conducted based on the Agricultural Adjustment Act in 1933 and its subsequent revised legislation.According to these acts and their different means of agricultural adjustment,the agricultural adjustment during the New Deal can be divided into three periods.In the first period,production control was used as main temporary emergency measures.In the second and third periods,the soil conservation evolved from a temporary means to the permanent one of agricultural adjustment in the United States.During the New Deal,the agricultural adjustment policy effectively alleviated the agricultural crisis in the United States,created a precedent for ecological subsidies,and served the role of promoting the transformation from the resource conservation movement in the progressive era to the postwar American environmental movement.