资本的逻辑批判及其发展:一个理论分析框架

Logical Criticism of Capital and Its Development:A Theoretical Analysis Framework

马克思政治经济学关于资本逻辑及其批判性分析,科学地指出了资本主义条件下资本的“二重性”,即资本存在“物质文明面”与解放和促进生产力发展“第一推动力”的积极作用,但也存在无限追求价值增殖的逻辑困境;正因如此,马克思在《资本论》中深刻地批判了资本逻辑。西方主流经济学家以效用价值论为基础,忽略资本要素在特定生产关系,尤其是资本主义生产方式和经济制度下的运行规律和历史局限性,只强调资本作为重要生产要素及其对经济增长的推动作用,而无法科学和全面认识资本的规律和属性。社会主义市场经济理论把社会主义基本经济制度和市场经济有机结合,强调既发挥社会主义制度优越性,实现社会公平正义,防止陷入资本逻辑困境,又充分发挥市场机制对资本等生产要素的资源配置决定性作用,注重资本在现代经济发展中的积极作用。中国特色社会主义政治经济学,从政党领导、人民主体性、所有制结构、分配制度等出发,内在地规定了新时代资本的发展方向和目的,为新时代资本健康发展、避免传统“资本逻辑”及其困境提供了制度保障,也为各类资本在建设现代化国家、实现民族复兴的历史进程中发挥积极作用与做出重大贡献提供了新空间、新潜力和新机会。通过全面的比较分析,可以看出,只有始终坚持马克思主义生产力与生产关系的基本原理和基本方法,才能真正科学和深化认识资本理论,引导资本健康、高质量发展。

Marx’s political economy on the logic of capital and its critical analysis scientifically pointed out the“duality”of capital under the conditions of capitalism,that is,capital has the positive role of“material civilization”and“the first driving force”of liberating and promoting the development of productive forces,but it also has the logic dilemma of unlimited pursuit of value proliferation.For this reason,Marx criticized the logic of capital in“Das Kapital.”Based on the theory of utility value,western mainstream economists ignore the operational laws and historical limitations of capital factors in specific production relations,especially under the capitalist mode of production and economic system.They only emphasize capital as an important factor of production and its role in promoting economic growth,but cannot scientifically and comprehensively understand the laws and attributes of capital.The socialist market economy theory organically combines the socialist basic economic system with the market economy,emphasizing that it not only gives full play to the superiority of the socialist system,realizes social fairness and justice,prevents the“logical dilemma”of capital,but also gives full play to the decisive role of the market mechanism in the allocation of capital and other production factors,and pays attention to the positive role of capital in the development of modern economy.From the perspective of Party leadership,people’s subjectivity,ownership structure,distribution system,the socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics has internally defined the development direction and purpose of capital in the new era,and it also provided institutional guarantee for the healthy development of capital in the new era,also help to avoid the traditional“capital logic”and its difficulties,and provided a positive role for various types of capital that make major contributions in the historical process of building a modern country and realizing national rejuvenation.Through a comprehensive comparative analysis,we can see that only by persisting in the basic principles and methods of Marxist productivity and production relations can we truly scientifically and deeply understand capital theory and guide the healthy and high-quality development of capital today.