从劳动“辩证法”到“劳动”辩证法——马克思对黑格尔劳动观的“颠倒”

From Labor"Dialectics"to"Labor"Dialectics——Marx’s"Reversal"of Hegel’s View of Labor

作为首位将“劳动”论题从经济学提升至哲学维度的思想家,黑格尔不仅在“主奴关系”和“市民社会”中运用了劳动辩证法,更在其哲学的“诞生地和秘密”——《精神现象学》中,把意识和自我意识的辩证运动理解为具有“否定性”原则的劳动,赋予其概念辩证法以“劳动”外观,本质上是一种劳动“辩证法”。在《1844年经济学哲学手稿》中,马克思揭开了黑格尔劳动“辩证法”抽象思辨外衣后,洞察到了其与古典政治经济学勾连而成的“劳动”形而上学本质,以异化劳动批判实现了在“生存论”维度中对劳动“辩证法”的“颠倒”,其本质是“劳动”辩证法。随着政治经济学批判的深入,劳动“辩证法”的“资本论”维度得以开显,丰富了其以劳动解放为旨趣的辩证法革命的深刻历史性内涵。

As the first thinker to elevate the topic of"labor"from economics to philosophy,Hegel not only used labor dialectics in the"master-slave relationship"and"civil society",but also in the"birthplace and secret"of his philosophy—Phenomenology of Spirit,in which the dialectical movement of consciousness and self-consciousness is understood as labor with the principle of"negative".Therefore,his conceptual dialectics is essentially a"dialectics"of labor.In"Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844",after uncovering the abstract speculative coat of Hegel’s"dialectics"of labor,Marx gained insight into the metaphysical essence of"labor"that was linked with classical political economy,and realized it by criticizing alienated labor.It is the critic of alienated labor that Marx reversed the"dialectics"of labor and initiated his dialectics of"labor"in the dimension of"existentialism".With the deepening of the criticism of political economy,the"capital"dimension of the"dialectics"of labor has been revealed,enriching its profound historical connotation with the purpose of labor liberation.