哈萨克斯坦独立30年高等教育发展与改革:历史考察

A Historical Review on the 30 Years of Development and Reform of Higher Education in Kazakhstan after Independence

纵观哈萨克斯坦独立30年教育发展历程,高等教育转型与发展经历了从被动延续苏联高等教育制度到全面否定、仿效西方以及选择自主探索道路的发展历程。独立前,哈萨克斯坦高等教育的发展深受苏联影响,缺乏本民族特色;独立初期,哈萨克斯坦积极推动高等教育分权化与私有化;社会逐渐稳定后,哈萨克斯坦确立高等教育现代化制度,建立人才质量的欧盟标准,推动高等教育国际化转型,构建自身特色高等教育体系;2019年,总统托卡耶夫提出高等教育要促进哈萨克斯坦新一代公民的培养,并陆续推出相关行动计划,旨在加强大学生爱国主义教育。同时,推进高等教育内容现代化,改良治理体系,加强国际合作。整个过程呈现出哈萨克斯坦高等教育改革的矛盾性和发展性。

Throughout the 30 years of Kazakhstan’s educational development since its independence,the transformation and development of higher education has undergone a process from the passive continuation of the Soviet higher education system to its full rejection,then to the imitation of Western higher education models,and finally to the independent exploration of the road.The development of higher education before independence was deeply influenced by the Soviet Union and lacked its own national characteristics.In the early period of independence,Kazakhstan actively promoted the privatization of higher education institutions.After the society gradually stabilized in 1995,Kazakhstan established a system of modernization of higher education,pushed forward the internationalization of higher education,and built a higher education system with its own characteristics.In 2019,the President of Kazakhstan Tokayev proposed that higher education should promote the cultivation of the new generation of Kazakh citizens,and has launched a succession of relevant action plans.To study the development of Kazakhstan’s higher education and refer to its historical experience and lessons are of great practical significance for the country committed to enhancing the quality and competitiveness of higher education.