如何摆脱贫困:马克思对黑格尔的超越

How to Escape from Poverty:The Transcendence of Marx over Hegel

黑格尔认为,相对贫困是个体自然差异的外在表现,无法被消灭。绝对贫困是个体脱离分工体系后的遭遇,导致了社会解体,必须予以消灭。遗憾的是,慈善事业、社会救济或通过惩戒逼迫贱民成为劳动者等方式,都无助于消灭绝对贫困,消灭现代社会成了维护现代社会的唯一方式。黑格尔陷入了困境。马克思否定了黑格尔的逻辑前提,认为相对和绝对贫困都是阶级压迫的产物,批判了黑格尔的客观唯心主义,依据唯物史观,指出贫困问题得以解决的历史必然性。马克思也克服了黑格尔的资产阶级立场,指出随着生产力与生产关系的进步,劳动者在“阶级意识”的作用下,能够通过革命消灭阶级压迫,改变自身贫困境遇。同时,在共产主义社会的高级阶段,个体自然差异将无法成为个体获得财富多寡的最终根据。马克思超越了黑格尔的困境,彻底解决了贫困问题。

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel(黑格尔)believed that relative poverty was the external manifestation of individual natural differences,which could not be eliminated.Absolute poverty was encountered by an individual after his separation from the system of labour division,which would lead to social disintegration and must be eliminated.Regrettably,charity,social relief,or such means as the punishment and enforcement of the people of the lowest social status to become workers,were not conducive to the eradication of absolute poverty.Therefore,the eradication of modern society became the only way to maintain modern society.Hegel was immersed in a dilemma.Marx denied Hegel’s logical premise,believed that both relative and absolute poverty were the product of class oppression,criticized Hegel’s objective idealism,and pointed out the historical inevitability of the solution to the problem of poverty according to historical materialism.Marx also overcame Hegel’s bourgeois position,pointing out that with the progress of productive forces and production relations,workers could eliminate class oppression through revolution and change their own circumstances of poverty under the effect of“class consciousness”.At the same time,individual natural differences would not be the final basis for how much wealth an individual could obtain in the advanced stage of communist society.Marx transcended Hegel’s dilemma and thoroughly solved the problem of poverty.