语言接触视角下甘肃临夏话和东乡语述补结构研究

The Predicate-complement Structure of Linxia Dialect and Dongxiang Language from the Perspective of Language Contact

甘肃临夏话述补结构与普通话不同,补语标志不用助词“得”,而是使用助词“着”;东乡语是典型的黏着语,也出现了类似汉语的述补结构。这两种情形的出现,既有语言自身发展的原因——汉语史上曾经出现过助词“着”兼用的现象,也与语言的密切接触相关——西北地区少数民族语言并列副动词■与汉语“着”的读音、句法位置相近,功能也有相通之处。研究表明,语言接触在某些情况下是语法化最重要的诱因。

Since ancient times,Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture of Gansu Province has been a multi-ethnic gathering place.It is rich in language resources,including Chinese and Tibetan in the Sino-Tibetan language family,as well as Dongxiang,Bao'an and Salar languages in the Altai language family.The two languages without kinship have long-term contact with and influence on each other.The complement marker in Linxia dialect does not use the auxiliary word de((得),but uses zhe(着),pronounced as d,u/di.Dongxiang language is a typical adhesive language,with a predicate-complement structure similar to Chinese.These two different types of languages have the same structural pattern,reflecting the typical characteristics of the language area.This phenomenon is not only due to the development of the languages themselves,but also related to close language contact.First,in the history of Chinese,the auxiliary word zhe(着)had different usages.At the beginning of the formation of the dynamic auxiliary system in the Tang Dynasty,in addition to being used as a tense and aspect marker,zhe(着)can be used as a complement marker.Second,this phenomenon is the result of language contact.In Altaic Mongolian language family,the forms of juxtaposed adverbial verbs are-cs/-d,w/-dzi/-da/-d,etc.They are not only similar to the pronunciation of zhe(着)in Chinese,but also have the same functions.Therefore,in the process of acquiring Chinese,some minority language users bring specific grammatical categories of their mother tongue into the Chinese they have learned,thus causing changes to the target language Chinese and creating a number of special patterns of directional complement.Third,Dongxiang language,as an adhesive language,has a predicate-complement structure similar to Chinese,which may be resulted from deep borrowing between languages.In languages with high contact intensity,the coordinating construction and the main-subordinate structure usually have some syntactic changes.For example,in the structure of"V1-d,u+V2"in Dongxiang language,once the intransitive verbs and adjectives appear in the position of V2,the format will change from“V1-d,u+V2"to"V1-d,u+Intransitive verb/Adjective".In addition,the additional form of parallel adverb“-du”is similar to the pronunciation of zhe(着)in Chinese,and zhe(着)can be used as a complement marker in Chinese history.Therefore,the users of minority languages such as Dongxiang,Tu and Bao'an language,which are closely related to Chinese,also copy the usage of Chinese zhe(着)to the additional form of their native adverb"-d,u".The structure of"V1-d,u+V2"has developed from the“double-core structure"with two verbs to the one core main-subordinate structure,resulting in the emergence of the predicate-complement structure similar to Chinese in Dongxiang language.